Table 4. Adjusted hazard ratios by the number of liver holidays per week in regular drinkers.
| Number of liver holidays | ||||||||
| No holiday | 1–2 days/wk | 3–4 days/wk | 5–6 days/wk | P for linear trend | ||||
| HRa | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
| Men, light drinkers (<150 g/week) | ||||||||
| All-cause, number of cases (n = 2,085) | 218 | 464 | 738 | 665 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.77 | (0.65–0.91) | 0.95 | (0.81–1.11) | 0.93 | (0.79–1.09) | 0.272 |
| Cancer, number of cases (n = 905) | 99 | 208 | 320 | 278 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.71 | (0.57–0.88) | 0.83 | (0.69–1.02) | 0.72 | (0.58–0.88) | 0.031 |
| Heart disease, number of cases (n = 247) | 28 | 43 | 89 | 87 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.76 | (0.48–1.18) | 0.88 | (0.59–1.32) | 1.05 | (0.69–1.58) | 0.402 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, number of cases (n = 181) | 20 | 47 | 66 | 48 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.60 | (0.38–0.97) | 0.68 | (0.45–1.03) | 0.61 | (0.38–0.96) | 0.094 |
| Men, moderate drinkers (150–299 g/week) | ||||||||
| All-cause, number of cases (n = 2,298) | 645 | 1044 | 518 | 91 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.96 | (0.86–1.07) | 1.26 | (1.11–1.43) | 1.14 | (0.91–1.44) | 0.001 |
| Cancer, number of cases (n = 991) | 307 | 433 | 212 | 39 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.74 | (0.63–0.86) | 0.95 | (0.79–1.14) | 0.71 | (0.46–1.08) | 0.101 |
| Heart disease, number of cases (n = 267) | 69 | 128 | 58 | 12 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.86 | (0.64–1.16) | 0.98 | (0.69–1.41) | 0.83 | (0.37–1.85) | 0.707 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, number of cases (n = 225) | 68 | 96 | 55 | 6 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.60 | (0.43–0.84) | 1.03 | (0.72–1.47) | 0.35 | (0.11–1.12) | 0.299 |
| Men, heavy drinkers (≥300 g/week) | ||||||||
| All-cause, number of cases (n = 2,732) | 1,140 | 1,300 | 264 | 28 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.89–1.07) | 1.17 | (1.02–1.36) | 1.00 | (0.68–1.47) | 0.205 |
| Cancer, number of cases (n = 1,154) | 490 | 547 | 101 | 16 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.75 | (0.65–0.87) | 0.95 | (0.76–1.20) | 1.42 | (0.79–2.53) | 0.061 |
| Heart disease, number of cases (n = 334) | 136 | 160 | 36 | 2 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.79 | (0.61–1.02) | 1.01 | (0.67–1.53) | 1.25 | (0.46–3.43) | 0.525 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, number of cases (n = 270) | 126 | 117 | 25 | 2 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.67 | (0.50–0.90) | 1.02 | (0.65–1.61) | 0.41 | (0.06–2.97) | 0.135 |
| Women | ||||||||
| All-cause, number of cases (n = 694) | 50 | 155 | 237 | 252 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 1.12 | (0.80–1.55) | 1.15 | (0.83–1.60) | 1.09 | (0.78–1.53) | 0.850 |
| Cancer, number of cases (n = 301) | 24 | 67 | 100 | 110 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.88 | (0.58–1.36) | 0.75 | (0.49–1.16) | 0.75 | (0.48–1.17) | 0.183 |
| Heart disease, number of cases (n = 77) | 2 | 19 | 26 | 30 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 2.85 | (0.83–9.76) | 1.83 | (0.52–6.42) | 1.53 | (0.42–5.55) | 0.498 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, number of cases (n = 72) | 11 | 14 | 22 | 25 | ||||
| Multivariate HRsb | 1.00 | 0.51 | (0.22–1.15) | 0.73 | (0.33–1.61) | 0.70 | (0.30–1.65) | 0.744 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
aCox proportional hazards models were used. Intake categories are presented by cumulative alcohol consumption updated to 10-year follow-up survey or available time points.
bAdjusted for age (years, continuous), public health center area, smoking status (never, former, <20 cigarettes/day, ≥20 cigarettes/day), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, 30+), cumulative average alcohol intake (1–149 g/w, 150–299 g/w, 300–449 g/w, 450–599 g/w, 600+ g/w), flushing response, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, leisure-time sports or physical exercise (<almost daily, almost daily), intake of coffee and green tea (almost never, ≥1 cup/w, and ≥1 cup/d), energy intake (continuous), intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, dairy products (continuous), and job status (employed or unemployed) in addition to the adjustment factors in Model 1.