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. 2018 Feb 21;9:752. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03095-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Actuation performance of the graphdiyne actuator. a Schematic for actuation mechanism of the graphdiyne actuator. Optical images show the bent actuator under 2.5 V at 0.1 Hz. b Attenuation strain of the graphdiyne actuator with increasing frequency. c Peak-to-peak displacement as a function of frequency of the three actuators. Inset is the comparison of their power densities. d Comparison of transduction efficiency of different types of actuation materials. e Cyclic stability of the graphdiyne actuator. Inset shows the actuation cycles