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. 2018 Feb 21;9:731. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03087-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Mesoaccumbens but not mesocortical activation attenuates the effect of punishment on responding for sucrose. a Task design. b After saline treatment, foot shock punishment robustly diminished responding (Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, ‘0.3 mA saline’ versus ‘no punishment saline’, all p < 0.001). This effect was abolished by activation of the mesoaccumbens, but not the mesocortical, pathway (Sidak’s test, ‘0.3 mA CNO’ versus ‘no punishment saline’ in the mesoaccumbens group, p = 0.9995; in mesocortical group, p = 0.0002; in control group, p < 0.0001); n = 9 control, n = 9 mesoaccumbens group, n = 10 mesocortical group. c Foot shock punishment evoked a decrease in DA neuron activity, measured using fiber photometry in TH::Cre rats (one-sample t-test, p = 0.0074, n = 9 rats). d No modulation of nociception by mesoaccumbens or mesocortical activation in the tail withdrawal test (2-way repeated measures ANOVA; main effect of CNO, p = 0.75; group×CNO interaction, p = 0.99); n = 8 control, n = 9 mesoaccumbens group, n = 9 mesocortical group. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean; ns not significant, ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001