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. 2018 Feb 21;8:3414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21764-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparisons of local network parameters including (A) local clustering coefficient (LCC) and (B) betweenness centrality (BC). Patients in group I showed increased LCC (p < 0.001) three-months after surgery and decreased LCC (p < 0.001) at one-year and two-year post-operation (repeated measures ANOVA, F_3,15 = 3.876, p = 0.031, Bonferroni post-hoc tests). For group II, LCC decreased (p ≤ 0.001) at the two-year follow-up compared to the pre-operation value (repeated measures ANOVA, F_3,30 = 3.022, p = 0.045, Bonferroni post-hoc tests). Both groups III and IV showed an increased LCC (p < 0.001) after CC at one-year follow-up; group III increased further at the two-year state (repeated measures ANOVA, F_3,15 = 4.101, p = 0.026, Bonferroni post hoc tests) whereas group IV decreased (repeated measures ANOVA, F_3,18 = 4.495, p = 0.016, Bonferroni post hoc tests). The LCC in a fully-connected network equals 1. BC in Group I slightly decreased three-months after CC and then showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) after two years of recovery, whereas no clear changes were seen in the other groups (repeated measures ANOVA, F_3,15 = 4.006, p = 0.028, Bonferroni post hoc tests).