Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of LGS patients.
| NO. | Sex/age | Seizure onset age | Main seizure type | CC type | Preoperative medication | Preoperative EEG | 3-month postoperative EEG | 3-month seizure outcome | 1-year postoperative EEG | 1-year seizure outcome | 2-year postoperative EEG | 2-year seizure outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M/9 | 7 | Atypical absence | Complete | OXC, LEV, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 60%▼ | MSWD | 90%▼ | MSWD | Seizure free |
| 2 | M/2 | 0.8 | Spasms | Partial | VGB, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA, Lt SWD | 60%▼ | Lt SWD | 90%▼ | Lt SWD▼ | Seizure free |
| 3 | F/8 | 0.5 | GT | Partial | LEV, VPA, TPA | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA | 90%▼ | Lt LPFA | 90%▼ | Bilateral LPFA, MSWD | Seizure free |
| 4 | F/4.1 | 2.1 | Tonic | Partial | VPA, LMT, CZM | GPFA, GSSW | Rt F SWD | Seizure free | No EFD | Seizure free | No EFD | Seizure free |
| 5 | M/4.6 | 1.1 | Atonic-drop attackGTC | Partial | TPM, LMT, LEV | GPFA, GSSW | MSWD | 93%▼ | No EFD | Seizure free | Lt T SWD | Seizure free |
| 6 | M/13.8 | 3 | Head droptonic | Complete | ZNS, CLB, LEV, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | Rt F SWD | Seizure free | MSWD | Seizure free | MSWD | Seizure free |
| 7 | F/12 | 8 | Atonic-drop attackabsence | Complete | LEV, VPA, VGB | GPFA, GSSW | No EFD | Seizure free | No EFD | Seizure free | No EFD | Seizure free |
| 8 | F/8 | 2 | GTC, head drop | Complete | LMT, ZNS, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW, MSWD | Rt LPFA, Rt F SWD | Seizure free | MSWD | 99%▼ | Lt SWD | 99%▼ |
| 9 | M/7 | 0.8 | GT | Partial | ZNS, VPA, LEV | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA | Seizure free | Lt SWD | 90%▼ | MSWD | 99%▼ |
| 10 | M/15.3 | 0.8 | Repetitive tonic, GTC | Complete | VPA, TPM, LEV | GPFA, GSSW | Rt T SWD | Seizure free | Rt T SWD | 99%▼ | Rt T SWD | 99%▼ |
| 11 | M/10.6 | 6 | Absence, atonic | Partial | CLB, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | Rt F SWD | Seizure free | Rt F SWD | 99%▼ | Rt F SWD | 98%▼ |
| 12 | F/18.2 | 5 | Atonic, tonic | Complete | LMT, ZNS | GPFA, GSSW | Lt SWD | Seizure free | Lt SWD | Seizure free | No EFD | 98%▼ |
| 13 | F/7.3 | 0.3 | Atonic-drop attack tonic | Complete | CLB, VGB | GPFA, GSSW | MSWD, Lt LPFA | 50%▼ | Lt SWD | 99%▼ | MSWD | 96%▼ |
| 14 | F/15 | 1.6 | GTC, jerking | Partial | TPM, OXC, VGB | GPFA, GSSW | Lt F SWD | 95%▼ | Lt F SWD | 99%▼ | Rt F SWD | 95%▼ |
| 15 | M/13 | 9 | Head drop | Partial | TPA, LMT, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | MSWD | 99%▼ | MSWD | 90%▼ | Lt SWD, MSWD | 90%▼ |
| 16 | F/7.8 | 4 | Myoclonictonic | Complete | LMT, LEV, CLB | GPFA, GSSW | Rt F SWD | 90%▼ | Rt F SWD | 98%▼ | Rt F SWD | 90%▼ |
| 17 | M/4 | 0.5 | GTC, jerking | Complete | VGB, LEV | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 90%▼ | Lt SWD | 90%▼ | GSSW▼ | 80%▼ |
| 18 | M/5 | 0.5 | GT, head drop | Complete | LEV, CBZ | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA | 90%▼ | MSWD | 80%▼ | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 80%▼ |
| 19 | F/1 | 0.3 | Spasms | Partial | TPM, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 50%▼ | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 50%▼ | MSWD | 80%▼ |
| 20 | M/10 | 6 | Atypical absence, head drop | Partial | LMT, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 90%▼ | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 90%▼ | Rt SWD | 80%▼ |
| 21 | F/2.4 | 1 | Atonic-drop attacktonic, absence | Partial | ZNS, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 86%▼ | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 80%▼ | Bilateral SWD | 76%▼ |
| 22 | M/12.8 | 8 | Absence, atonic, GT | Partial | LMT, CLB, LEV, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | Rt FT SWD, Rt LPFA | 90%▼ | Rt FT SWD, Rt LPFA | 66%▼ | Bilateral SWD | 66%▼ |
| 23 | M/5.9 | 0.5 | atonic, tonic-drop attackmyoclonic | Complete | LEV | GPFA, GSSW | Lt F SWD, GPFA▼ | 93%▼ | Rt LPFA, MSWD | 76%▼ | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 66%▼ |
| 24 | M/12 | 8 | GTC, head drop | Partial | LMT, LEV, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | Rt LPFA | Seizure free | Lt F SWD | 50%▼ | GSSW▼ | 50%▼ |
| 25 | F/4 | 0.2 | GT, SMA seizure | Partial | ZNS | GPFA, GSSW | GPFA, GSSW▼ | No change | GPFA, GSSW▼ | 50%▼ | F SWD | 50%▼ |
| 26 | F/4.9 | 0.2 | repetitive tonic | Complete | CLB, ZNS | GPFA, GSSW | bilateral SWD | 60%▼ | bilateral SWD | 20%▼ | bilateral SWD | 40%▼ |
| 27 | F/6 | 0.1 | Spasms | Partial | LMT, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA | 30%▼ | Lt SWD, MSWD | 30%▼ | Lt SWD | 40%▼ |
| 28 | F/6.9 | 0.1 | myoclonictonic | Partial | LMT, TPM | GPFA, GSSW | Lt SWD, Rt O SWD | 33%▼ | Lt SWD, Rt O SWD | 66%▼ | Lt SWD, Rt O SWD, GSWD▼ | 33%▼ |
| 29 | F/2.3 | 0.1 | atonic-drop attackmyoclonic, tonic | Partial | CLB, TPM, LEV | GPFA, GSSW | bilateral SWD | 50%▼ | bilateral SWD, LPFA, GSWD | 0%▼ | bilateral SWD | 30%▼ |
| 30 | M/14.8 | 10 | Atonic, tonic-drop attack | Partial | LMT, LEV, VPA | GPFA, GSSW | Lt LPFA, MSDW | 99%▼ | Lt LPFA, MSDW | 50%▼ | MSWD | 16%▼ |
F, female; M, male; Lt, left; Rt, Right; F, frontal, T, temporal, O, occipital
GT, generalized tonic; GTC, generalized tonic-clonic;
CBZ, carbamazepine; CLB, clobazam; LEV, Levetiracetam; LMT, lamotrigine; OXC, Oxcarbazepine; RFM, rufinamide; TPM, Topiramate; VGB, Vigabatrin; VPA, Valproate; ZNS, Zonisamide; TPM, Topamax (topiramate); CZM, Rivotril (clonazepam);
GPFA, generalized paroxysmal fast activity; GSSW, generalized slow sharp and wave; LPFA, localized paroxysmal fast activity; MSWD, multifocal sharp and wave discharge; SWD, sharp and wave discharges; ▼, reduction in frequency.
All seizure outcomes are in comparison to the preoperative state.