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. 2018 Feb 21;8:3377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17540-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inhibition of lysosomal and endosomal function enhances VSMC calcification. Confluent rat aortic VSMC were cultured in a Pi + Ca²⁺ (3.5 mM phosphate/3 mM calcium) calcification medium with or without indicated concentration of lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine or endosomal inhibitor dynasore for 7 days, and calcification medium was replaced every other day. (A) Effect of increasing concentrations of chloroquine on calcium deposition. (B) Effect of dynasore on calcium deposition. Top panel, Alizarin Red S staining; Bottom panel, calcium assay. The data represent 6 determinations. Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05.