Figure 4.

Overlaying the 100 images shows the particle pathlines over 10 s: (a) flat, (b) 100 μm, and (c) 400 μm (70–80 s). During the growth phase, the structures influence the electroconvective vortex shape: (d) flat, (e) 100 μm, and (f) 400 μm (790–800 s). At a flat membrane, the electroconvective vortices move along the membrane. At the membrane with ridges of 400 μm, the thickness of the vortex layer is bigger and the center point of the vortices is less mobile. At a membrane with 100 μm ridges, voids empty of particles are formed, while the particle density at the surface increases locally. The membrane edge is indicated with a dotted line. The reader is referred to Figure 2 for the axes.