Exhibit 1.

Unadjusted characteristics of the patient sample, by Medicare enrollment type

Characteristic	Enrollment type
	FFS	MA lower quality	MA higher quality
Number	3,335,476	945,885	302,761
Average age (years)	80.84	80.02	80.83
Female	62.45%	63.11%	63.13%
Black	7.57%	10.39%	6.80%
Hispanic	3.28%	5.67%	5.78%
Fully dual eligible	15.52%	14.00%	11.25%
Partially dual eligible	4.01%	7.17%	4.32%
Married	36.94%	38.73%	39.97%
Baseline score on the ADL scalea	17.12	16.84	16.91
Baseline score on the CPSb	1.36	1.27	1.27
Baseline diagnosis of:
Stroke	10.32%	11.24%	10.51%
Cancer	10.24	9.33	9.50
Alzheimer disease	4.21	3.90	3.99
Dementia	17.02	15.96	15.36
Hip fracture	8.09	9.07	9.71
Multiple sclerosis	0.29	0.30	0.33
Congestive heart failure	19.63	18.45	18.50
Diabetes	29.93	32.12	30.80
Schizophrenia	0.75	0.48	0.39
Bipolar disorder	1.16	1.06	1.15
Aphasia	1.53	1.60	1.53

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2012–14 from the Minimum Data Set, Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, and Nursing Home Compare. NOTES Baseline refers to the patient’s admission to the facility. FFS is fee-for-service Medicare. “MA lower quality” refers to MA plans given fewer than four stars by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and “MA higher quality” refers to the plans with four or five stars. Fully dual eligible patients typically have Medicaid pay for more Medicare services and also receive additional benefits not covered by Medicare. Partially dual eligible patients have some Medicare services paid for by Medicaid. The specifics of these arrangements vary state to state.

^aA measure of a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) independently. See note 33 in text.

^bCognitive Performance Scale, a measure of a patient’s cognitive ability. See note 34 in text.