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. 2018 Feb 21;9:42. doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0787-3

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Histological analysis of osteochondral defects and human cell identification at 8 weeks postinjury. a Alcian blue staining showed articular-like tissue expressing GAGs in osteochondral defects treated with tissue intermediates (TIs), limited bone forming capacity at the subchondral level, and the presence of nonfunctional fibrotic tissue in osteochondral defects treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 aggregates (Agg), and limited capacity of empty defects to repair articular cartilage. The average and best histological sections are shown. b Immunohistochemistry for human (h)nuclei in defects treated with TIs and TGF-β1 aggregates showed the contribution of human cells (arrow heads) for both articular and subchondral bone regeneration