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. 2018 Feb 22;13:9. doi: 10.1186/s13024-018-0241-0

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Modulating neuronal activity alters α-synuclein release from neurons. a TTX (1 μM, 30 min) decreased α-synuclein in the media. N = 12–16. b Glutamate (10 μM, 30 min) increased α-synuclein in the media, which was blocked by 50 μM AP5 and 10 μM NBQX. N = 8–20. c Cellular α-synuclein levels were not altered by glutamate. N = 8. d LDH activities in the media after indicated pharmacological treatments. N = 8–28. mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 using unpaired t test (a, c) or one-way ANOVA (b, d)