Table 2.
Ethnomedicinal uses of herbal drinks in Azad Kashmir
| Scientific name | Voucher no in Pakistan NH | Local name | Life form | Plant part used | Administration | Disease treated†† | Preparation mode | Active constituents [literature reference] | UV | RFC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Fabaceae | ISL −49,177 | Keekar | Tree | Bark | Decoction | Toothache | Bark is ground to powder and put into boiling water. Decoction prepared is used for gargling in case of toothache. | Alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones [102] | 0.03 | 0.09 |
|
Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae |
ISL-40550 | Rattiboti | Herb | Leaves, flower | Decoction, infusion, tea |
Brain disorders, fever, piles, headache, stomach disorders | Boiling water is poured over dried leaves, and this hot infusion is taken to induce sweating that relieves fever. Tea is made by dissolving plant material in boiled water and sugar can also be added. Tea is consumed in case of stomach disorders. | Tannins, flavonoids, saponins [103] | 0.16 | 0.27 |
| †Adiantum venustum D. Don Pteridaceae | ISL-100609 | Kakwa | Herb | Leaves,roots | Infusion | Fever | Infusion of leaves is prepared by pouring hot water over leaves of plant. Sugar can also be added. This infusion is taken twice a day to relieve fever. | Flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids [104] | 0.08 | 0.14 |
|
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. Amaranthaceae |
ISL-50064 | Boikalan | Herb | Leaves | Infusion | Stomach disorders | Leaves are infused in hot water which is then consumed to get ease from stomach disorders. | Terpenoids, alkaloids [105] | 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Lamiaceae | ISL-109327 | Kauri booti | Herb | Leaves, stem | Decoction | Jaundice | 1–2 g of dried leaves is boiled in water. The decoction prepared is taken in early morning before breakfast to treat jaundice. | Glycosides, terpenoids [106] | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae | ISL-115671 | Ganhar | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Anemia | Leaves of plant are boiled in water for 1 h to make decoction at slow heat. Half cup of decoction is then taken once a day in case of anemia. | Tannins, flavonoids, glycosides [107] | 0.03 | 0.13 |
|
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae |
ISL-94123 | Ghaozban | Herb | Root | Tea | Pneumonia, flu | Tea is prepared from roots of plant and taken three times a day in case of pneumonia. | Phenolics, steroids [108] | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| Bauhinia variegate L. Fabaceae | ISL- 54078 | Kachnar | Tree | Leaves, flowers | Infusion | Inflammation | Leaves and crushed flowers are soaked in water for 2 days then filtered. Hot water is poured over this filtrate which is used against inflammation. | Alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, saponins [109] | 0.03 | 0.15 |
|
Berberis lycium Royle. Berberidaceae |
ISL-108676 | Sumbal | Shrub | Fruit, root | Infusion, juice, decoction | Cough, jaundice, Sore throat | Grinded root bark mixed with water, and sugar is taken before sleeping in sore throat and pain Juice of fruit is used in gum troubles. | Phenolic, flavonoids [110] | 0.05 | 0.11 |
| Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae | ISL 100171 | Batwaya | Herb | Rhizome | Infusion | Earache, muscular pain | Rhizome is grinded and 1–2 teaspoon of powder is infused in boiling water which is taken before breakfast for muscular pains. | Alkaloids, flavovoids, phenolics, glyscosides saponins [111] | 0.1 | 0.14 |
|
Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae |
ISL-101521 | Bhang | Herb | Leaves | Beverage | Mental relief | Leaves and flowering tops are mixed with milk with addition of sugars and almonds to make drink sardai which helps in mental relaxation. | Terpenes, flavonoids [112] | 0.02 | 0.08 |
|
Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae |
ISL-22557 | Granda | Shrub | Leaves | Infusion | Jaundice | Infusion of leaves is taken orally in early morning to treat jaundice. | Flavonoids [113] | 0.04 | 0.05 |
|
Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi Oleaceae |
ISL-116143 | Chambeli | Shrub | Root | Decoction | Ringworm | Roots are boiled in water. Decoction obtained is cooled for 10–15 min and then consumed orally in case of ringworm. | Glucoside, phenolics [114] | 0.07 | 0.2 |
|
Cichorium intybusl. Asteraceae |
ISL-116352 | Handh | Herb | Flowers, leaves, root | Decoction | Bronchial disorders | 2–3 g of flowers and leave’s material is boiled in water and given orally at least once in a day to get ease in respiratory disorders. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins [115] | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Papaveraceae | ISL-116140 | Papra | Herb | Whole plant | Decoction, juice | Fever, blood purifier | Ground plant material is taken, and water is added in it. The juice is then extracted which is used to relieve fever. | Tannins, alkaloids [116] | 0.06 | 0.07 |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Poaceae | ISL 48939 | Serai | Shrub | Leaves | Tea | Stomach disorders, headache | Leaves are infused in hot water for 20 min to make tea which is given to treat stomach pain. | Alkaloids, saponins, tannins [117] | 0.13 | 0.09 |
|
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. Boraginaceae |
ISL-196130 | Lainda | Herb | Root | Decoction | Joint pain | Decoction of root is taken for rheumatic disorders. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes [118] | 0.04 | 0.16 |
|
Diospyros lotus L. Ebenaceae |
ISL-68699 | Kala Amlook | Tree | Fruit | Juice | Stomach disorders | Juice of fruit is extracted and consumed in case of stomach problems. | Tannins, alkaloids [119] | 0.05 | 0.35 |
|
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf Ephedraceae |
ISL-67687 | Asmanipoda | Herb | Root | Decoction | Joint pain | Roots decoction is taken twice a day to treat rheumatism. | Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides [120] | 0.03 | 0.23 |
| †Euphorbia illirica Lam. Euphorbiaceae | ISL-68688 | Kankoli | Shrub | Leaves | Infusion | Urinary disorders | Leaves are infused in hot water and taken orally to help treat urinary problems. | Alkaloids, flavonoids [121] | 0.01 | 0.07 |
|
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Euphorbiaceae |
ISL-65674 | Hazardaani | Herb | Stem | Decoction | Dysentery, diarrhea | Stem is chopped into pieces and boiled in water then cooled for 1 h. Decoction is given orally after intervals to treat dehydration problems. | Tannins, glycosides [122] | 0.08 | 0.13 |
| †Fagonia cretica L. Zygophyllaceae |
ISL 47236 | Temaan | Shrub | Leaves | Infusion | Cough | Infusion of leaves is taken to get relief from cough with regular intervals of hours. | Terpenoids, saponins [123] | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| † Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Polygonaceae |
ISL-116233 | Hulla | Herb | Root | Juice | Fever | Juice of root is taken in case of fever. | Glucosides, tannins [124] | 0.04 | 0.13 |
|
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae |
ISL 103476 | Sonf | Herb | Seeds | Decoction, infusion | Stomach disorders, diarrhea | 10 g seeds boiled in 100 ml water and decoction prepared which is used to cure stomachache and diarrhea. | Glucoside, saponins, alkaloids [125] | 0.09 | 0.17 |
|
Fragariavesca L. Rosaceae |
ISL-106789 | Budhamewa | Herb | Leaves, fruit | Juice | Menorrhagia | Juice of leaves is extracted and taken at least once in a day in case of menstrual pain. | Phenolics, Flavonoids [126] | 0.05 | 0.17 |
| Gentiana kurroo Royle. Gentianaceae | ISL-67293 | Pashanbhed | Herb | Leaves, flower | Decoction | Blood tonic | Decoction of leaves and flowers are used as a blood purifier. | Phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins [127] | 0.04 | 0.2 |
|
Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Geraniaceae |
ISL-101166 | Ratanjote | Herb | Flower | Tea | Rheumatism | Flowers are boiled with water and mixture is stained. This tea is taken in the morning for treating joint pain. | Steroids, coumarins [128] | 0.03 | 0.09 |
| †Gerbera gossypina Royle Asteraceae | ISL- 96899 | Ladrun | Herb | Root | Juice | Blood pressure, gastric diseases | Root juice consumed to lower the blood pressure. | Alkaloids, flavonoids [129] | 0.08 | 0.11 |
| †Geum adnatum Wall. Rosaceae |
ISL-97938 | Shoonkar | Herb | Root | Decoction | Dysentery, diarrhea | Decoction of root is consumed orally in case of chronic dysentery or diarrheal bleeding. | Sterols, terpenoids [130] | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| †Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Lamiaceae |
ISL-16965 | Peemar | Shrub | Leaves | Juice | Diarrhea | Leaves juice is extracted with water and is given to treat diarrhea two times a day. | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones [131] | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae | ISL 13237 | Baikar | Shrub | Leaves | Decoction | Bronchial diseases | Decoction of leaves is taken to give ease in cough and bronchial disorders. | Alkaloids, tannins [132] | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| †Laphangium affine (D. Don) Tzvelev Asteraceae |
ISL-40456 | Janglidodal | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Influenza | 5 g of leaves are boiled in water. Decoction prepared is cooled and put into bottle. This is used from time to time in case of flu and cold. | Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes [133] | 0.03 | 0.17 |
| †Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Lamiaceae |
ISL 16961 | Chara | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Malaria | Decoction is prepared and consumed in case of malaria. | Sterols, flavonoids [134] | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| Malva neglecta Wall. Malvaceae | ISL 66146 | Sonchal | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Constipation | Leaves boiled in water are frequently consumed in case of constipation. | Alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin [135] | 0.02 | 0.12 |
|
Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae |
ISL 116029 | Podina | Herb | Leaves | Infusion | Diarrhea, vomiting | Dried leaves are infused in boiling water and taken in case of diarrhea and vomiting. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides [136] | 0.06 | 0.07 |
|
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Lamiaceae |
ISL 116056 | Babri | Herb | Leaves, Flower | Tea | Abdominal diseases, vomiting, nausea | Leaves are dried and then boiled with water to make tea which is used in vomiting. | Terpenoids, flavonoids [137] | 0.07 | 0.21 |
|
Morus alba L. Moraceae |
ISL-10625 | Chitta toot | Tree | Bark | Decoction | Asthma | Bark is chopped into pieces, boiled in water and decoction is given to get relief in severe cough. | Phenolics, flavonoids [138] | 0.03 | 0.09 |
|
Morus nigra L. Moraceae |
ISL-10697 | Kala toot | Tree | Fruit | Decoction | Throat pain | Fruit decoction is prepared and gargled in sore throat. | Phenolics, flavonoids [138] | 0.05 | 0.17 |
| †Muehlenbeckia hastulata (Sm.) I.M. Johnst. Polygonaceae |
ISL-97865 | KhattaHulla | Herb | Leaves | Juice | Bleeding | 10–15 g leaves are put in water for 2 h. Juice obtained is taken in case of internal bleeding. | Anthraquinones [139] | 0.03 | 0.11 |
|
Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae |
ISL-47361 | Gandeera | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Stomach ailments, constipation | Half kg branches boiled in 2 L of water for 2 h in order to make decoction. Two teaspoon of this decoction used daily for constipation and stomach pain. | Tannins, saponins, terpenoids [140] | 0.1 | 0.15 |
|
Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae |
ISL 16251 | Neazbu | Herb | Whole plant | Juice | Stomach diseases | Juice of plant is consumed in case of stomach disorders. | Phenolics [141] | 0.04 | 0.07 |
|
Oenothera rosea L Her. ex Aiton Onagraceae |
ISL 10057 | Jungligulab. | Herb | Leaves, stem | Infusion | Constipation | Plant material is infused in boiling water and taken in case of constipation. | Carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, and steroids [142] | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| Olea europaea (Wall. and G.Don) Cif. Oleaceae | ISL-116120 | Kaahu | Tree | Leaves | Decoction | Toothache, infections | Decoction of leaves is prepared and used in gargling in toothache. | Flavonoids, tannins [143] | 0.06 | 0.11 |
| †Onopordum acanthium L. Asteraceae |
ISL-98635 | Kandyara | Herb | Leaves, stem | Decoction,juice | Ulcers | Stem decoction is preferably consumed to treat stomach ulcers. | Terpenoids [144] | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Onosma bracteata Wall. Boraginaceae | ISL-95864 | Gaozaban | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Stomach disorders | Leaves infusion is consumed after regular intervals until get relief from stomachache. | Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids [145] | 0.04 | 0.09 |
|
Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae |
ISL-38367 | Khattibooti | Herb | Whole plant | Infusion | Stomach disorders | Whole plant powder is mixed in hot water with addition of sugar, stained, and given for stomach ailments. | Carbohydrates, glycosides, phenols [146] | 0.02 | 0.12 |
|
Paeonia emodi Royle Paeoniaceae |
ISL-91236 | Mamaikh | Herb | Root | Decoction | Blood purification | Roots are boiled in water and taken as a remedy to purify blood. | Flavonoids, sterols, saponins [147] | 0.02 | 0.35 |
|
Periploca aphylla Decne Apocynaceae |
ISL-22591 | Batta | Shrub | Bark | Decoction | Stomach disorders | Bark decoction is taken to give relief in stomach disorders. | Alkaloids, flovonoids, terpenoids [148] | 0.02 | 0.13 |
|
Persicaria alpine (All.) H.Gross Polygonaceae |
ISL-106743 | Masloon | Herb | Seeds | Infusion | Diarrhea, fever | Seeds are infused in water. The mixture is stained and kept in a bottle. This mixture is consumed daily in case of fever. | Terpenoids, flavonoids [148] | 0.1 | 0.15 |
| †Pimpinella diversifoliaDC. Apiaceae |
ISL 103476 | Tarpakhi | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Cough, cold | Leaves decoction is consumed in cough and cold. | Phenols, glucosides [149] | 0.04 | 0.09 |
|
Punica granatum L. Punicaceae |
ISL 87324 | Daroona | Shrub | Fruit | Juice | Stomach ailments | Seeds are soaked in water for a day then filtered the mixture. Add sugar and taken twice to treat stomach aches. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins [150] | 0.02 | 0.18 |
|
Quercus oblongata D.Don Fagaceae |
ISL-10672 | Reen | Tree | Bark | Decoction | Rectal disorders | Decoction is made by using ground bark powder and given for intestinal disorders. | Tannins, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids [151] | 0.05 | 0.17 |
|
Rheum australe D.Don Polygonaceae |
ISL-98765 | Chutial | Herb | Root | Decoction | Acidity | Roots are boiled in water and given orally to treat acidity. | Anthraquinones [152] | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae | ISL-106878 | Aakhray | Herb | Leaves, roots | Infusion, decoction |
Dysentery, diarrhea, bleedings, whooping cough | Leaves are boiled in water and consumed in case of cough. Decoction of flowers is also consumed in dysentery. | Phenolics, tannins [153] | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| †Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae |
ISL-11624 | Shogr | Herb | Whole plant | Decoction | Infection | Decoction of whole plant is prepared and cooled. It is used to treat infection. | Phenolics, flavonoids [154] | 0.02 | 0.07 |
|
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae |
ISL 112661 | Kachmach | Herb | Leaves, flower, fruit |
Juice | Rheumatism, cough, fever, bronchitis, diarrhea | The juice of the leaves can be used alone or with addition of honey to cure diarrhea and cough. | Alkaloids, saponins, tannins [155] | 0.1 | 0.16 |
| † Solanum surrattense Burm. f. Solanaceae |
ISL-67895 | Mokri | Herb | Leaves, fruit | Infusion | Body pain | Fruit peels are infused in water and consumed for a week to get relief from body pain. | Terpenes, phenolics, quinones [156] | 0.01 | 0.21 |
| †Solanum virginianum L. Solanaceae |
ISL-10237 | Ghanar | Herb | Leaves | Infusion | Skin diseases | Infusion of leaves is taken once in a day for skin diseases. | Alkaloids, flavonoids [156] | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Asteraceae | ISL-10987 | Dodhal | Herb | Leaves | Infusion | Abdominal diseases | Leaves infusion is taken in case of abdominal pain. | Steroids, glycosides, flavonoids [157] | 0.02 | 0.13 |
|
Swertia petiolata D. Don Gentianaceae |
ISL-33193 | Chirayetta | Herb | Leaves, stem, root | Decoction | Ulcers, asthma, urinary disorders | Decoction of plant is given twice a day in case of urinary disorders. | Terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids [158] | 0.16 | 0.12 |
|
Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae |
ISL-16983 | Satbarga, Gainda | Herb | Leaves, flower | Juice | Earache and ophthalmic | Leaves and flowers juice is extracted with water and taken orally in case of earache. | Saponin, tannin, alkaloid [159] | 0.13 | 0.13 |
|
Tamarindusindica L. Fabaceae |
ISL-10045 | Imli | Tree | Fruit | Infusion | Fibril diseases | Peels of fruit are infused in water and taken to treat fibril disorders. | Alkaloids, anthraquinone, glycoside [160] | 0.04 | 0.17 |
|
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. Asteraceae |
ISL-116231 | Peelibooti | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Constipation, jaundice | Leaves are boiled in water and consumed to treat constipation. | Glucosides, terpenoids, tannins [161] | 0.04 | 0.13 |
|
Trichodesma indicum (L.) Sm. Boraginaceae |
ISL-116018 | ChotaKulfa | Herb | Leaves | Juice | Eye infections, dysentery | Juice of leaves is taken with addition of sugar and salt as per taste to treat dysentery. | Steroids, terpenoids, lipids [162] | 0.04 | 0.08 |
|
Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae |
ISL 123169 | Shatal | Herb | Flowers, leaves, root | Infusion | Fevers and leucorrhoea | In case of leucchorea the infusion of flowers and leaves is taken. | Flavonoids, steroids [163] | 0.08 | 0.05 |
|
Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. Caprifoliaceae |
ISL 18643 | Murma | Herb | Root | Decoction | Headache | Decoction of 3-4 g of roots is consumed in case of headache. | Flavones, Glycosides [164] | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. Scropulariaceae | ISL 11315 | Janglitambaku | Herb | Leaves | Infusion | Skin problems | Boiled water is poured over the leaves and kept for 2 h then taken orally for skin diseases and skin allergy. | Glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids [165] | 0.02 | 0.1 |
|
Verbena officinalis L. Verbenceae |
ISL 114005 | Neelgu | Herb | Whole plant | Decoction | Joint pain | Decoction is prepared and taken once a day for rheumatic disorders. | Flavonoids, Glucosides, Phenolics [166] | 0.06 | 0.14 |
|
Viola canescensWall. Violaceae |
ISL 40466 | Banafsha | Herb | Leaves | Decoction | Respiratory disorders | Leaves are boiled in water and taken orally for respiratory disorders. | Alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids [167] | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| †Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae |
ISL 59527 | Daakh | Climber | Fruit | Juice | Cough, asthma | Fresh fruit juice is used directly in case of cough. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins [168] | 0.04 | 0.14 |
|
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae |
ISL 11640 | Timber | Shrub | Seeds, bark | Infusion | Indigestion, hemorrhoids, ulcers | Pour a cup of boiling water onto 1–2 teaspoonful of the bark+ fruit and let infuse for 10–15 min and used for stomach pain. | Anthraquinone, glycoside flavonoids [169] | 0.04 | 0.15 |
|
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight and Arn. Rhamnaceae |
ISL 11625 | Beri, Jand | Shrub | Root | Infusion | Diabetes | Boil 5–8 g of grinded root with 1 glass of water till volume of water reduced to half. It is used to cure diabetes. | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics [170] | 0.1 | 0.1 |
In column scientific name, species name starting with † indicates newly reported species. NH National Herbarium, UV use value, RFC relative frequency of citation.
††Uses in bold indicate preferred uses for a given plant