Table 1.
Material properties of the tissues within the spinal column [11]. ALL: anterior longitudinal ligament; PLL: posterior longitudinal ligament; TL: transverse ligament; LF: ligamentum flavum; ISL: interspinous ligament; SSL: supraspinous ligament; CL: capsular ligament.
| Material | Elastic modulus | Poisson coefficient | Cross-sectional area |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | 12000 | 0.3 | — |
| Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | — |
| Posterior elements | 3500 | 0.25 | — |
| Intervertebral disc | |||
| Nucleus | 1 | 0.499 | |
| Ground substance | 4.2 | 0.45 | |
| Annulus fibers | 450 | — | 0.76 |
| End plate | 24 | 0.4 | |
| Ligaments | |||
| ALL | 20 | — | 63,7 |
| PLL | 20 | — | 20 |
| TL | 58.7 | — | 3.6 |
| LF | 19.5 | — | 40 |
| ISL | 11.6 | — | 40 |
| SSL | 15 | — | 30 |
| KL | 32.9 | — | 60 |
| Titanium | 110000 | 0.28 | — |