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. 2017 Mar 29;9:19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.03.002

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent signalling pathways regulating bone healing. Once bone injury or hypoxia happens, HIF-1α activation and stabilisation occur. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4 are directly positively regulated by HIF-1α. Increased expression of VEGF, SDF-1, and CXCR4 stimulates mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing. VEGF is critical for angiogenesis. Improved MSC homing is involved in both osteogenesis and proangiogenesis, which is vital for bone healing.