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Schematic illustration of the proposed strategy of hyaline cartilage regeneration with MSCs and secreted EVs. Naïve or genetically modified MSC-secreted EVs consisting of bioactive proteins and miRNAs could be used directly to modulate the microenvironment of the damaged cartilage tissue to promote cartilage repair, or be used to enhance the chondrogenic ability of the primed MSCs before injection or implantation for cartilage repair.
