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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 22.
Published in final edited form as: Virology. 2017 Dec 22;515:92–107. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.012

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

HSPG, GalCer and TIM-1 on the epithelial surface play a role in HIV internalization via endocytosis and macropinocytosis. (A and B) TIM-1 expression in tonsil, cervical and foreskin epithelial cells was detected by Western blot (A) and domain-specific biotinylation assays (B). (C) Tonsil cells TK#8 were pretreated with antibodies to GalCer, HSPG and TIM-1 or their combinations for 1 h. Cells treated with isotype antibodies served as a control. HIV-1SF33 attachment, internalization and transcytosis in antibody-treated and control cells were measured by p24 ELISA. (D) Polarized tonsil TK#8 cells were pretreated with antibodies to GalCer, HSPG and TIM-1, and attachment and internalization of X4- and R5-tropic strains of HIV-1 were examined. (E) Cervical CK#5 and foreskin FK#2 cells were incubated with antibodies to GalCer, HSPG and TIM-1, and HIV-1SF33 internalization was examined. (F) Polarized tonsil TK#15 and TK#11, cervical CK#6, and foreskin FK#3 were treated with antibodies to GalCer, HSPG and TIM-1 and their combinations. These cells then were used for HIV-1SF33 internalization. (A, D, E and F). Data are shown as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (n=3). *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 and **** P < 0.00001 compared with controls.