Table 3.
Comparison of outcomes between baseline to 6-week posttest and 6-month posttest using ANCOVA controlling for baseline performance (N = 60)
| Variable | Control (n = 30) | Intervention (n = 30) | ANCOVA | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 30) | Posttest 1 (n = 27) | Posttest2 (n = 28) | Baseline (n = 30) | Posttest 1 (n = 29) | Posttest2 (n = 29) | p 1 | p 2 | d 1 | d 2 | |
| Mean(SD) | Mean(SD) | |||||||||
| NIH toolbox | ||||||||||
| Speed of processing | 51 (13.7) | 53.8 (13.8) | 54.3 (11.7) | 51 (14.7) | 56.1 (15.9) | 56.7 (12.3) | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.06 |
| Working memory | 16.3 (2.5) | 16.1 (2.7) | 16.3 (3.4) | 16.4 (2.9) | 16.9 (3.4) | 16.3 (3.4) | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.15 |
| Episodic memory | 461 (92.3) | 384.3 (187.9) | 491.5 (92.3) | 479.2 (101.7) | 494.5 (127.9) | 521.7 (115.1) | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.10 |
| Executive function | 8 (0.9) | 8.1 (0.9) | 8 (0.7) | 7.9 (0.8) | 8.3 (0.8) | 8.3 (0.5) | 0.19 | < 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.55 |
| UFOV | ||||||||||
| Subtest 1 | 33.8 (46.1) | 22.2 (15.6) | 20.5 (8.3) | 30.3 (36.7) | 17.6 (1.9) | 17.4 (1.3) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Subtest 2 | 97.2 (102.1) | 58 (62.4) | 48.6 (54.5) | 87.1 (89.1) | 28.2 (25.4) | 39.9 (31.6) | 0.02 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.02 |
| Subtest 3 | 192.7 (110.1) | 174.3 (107.7) | 157.7 (91) | 194 (100.2) | 113 (67) | 119.3 (78.7) | < 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.59 | 0.36 |
| Subtest 4 | 349.8 (141.8) | 301.1 (140.5) | 312.5 (135.8) | 349.2 (137) | 292.4 (148.7) | 250.9 (137.4) | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.61 |
| Sum of test 1–4 | 673.5 (343.1) | 555.6 (271.6) | 539.3 (245.6) | 660.6 (310.6) | 451.3 (210.3) | 482.4 (236.7) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.38 |
p 1 Baseline to posttest 1; p 2 Baseline to posttest 2
d 1 Cohen’s D effect size of differences between baseline and posttest 1; d 2 Cohen’s D effect size of differences between baseline and posttest 2
p values in bold text are indicative of significance at p < 0.05