Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of low (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) men following the control (C) and high-fat, high-calorie (O) diets.
| NBW (n = 25) |
LBW (n = 18) |
LBW vs. NBW (n = 18, n = 25) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C (Mean ± SD) | O (Mean ± SD) | PNBW | C (Mean ± SD) | O (Mean ± SD) | PLBW | PC | PO | PΔ | |
| Anthropometry | |||||||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3901 ± 207 | — | — | 2717 ± 268 | — | — | ≤0.001 | — | — |
| Weight (kg) | 78.4 ± 9.3 | 78.6 ± 9.7 | n.s. | 77.1 ± 11.3 | 77.1 ± 11.4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Height (m) | 1.83 ± 0.07 | — | — | 1.77 ± 0.05 | — | — | ≤0.05 | — | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.4 | 23.3 ± 2.5 | n.s. | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Lipid profiling | |||||||||
| P-VLDL-CHOL (mM) | 0.42 ± 0.16 | 0.33 ± 0.16 | ≤0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.18 | 0.32 ± 0.12 | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| P-LDL-CHOL (mM) | 2.51 ± 0.72 | 2.28 ± 0.78 | ≤0.05 | 2.69 ± 0.76 | 2.57 ± 0.80 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| P-HDL-CHOL (mM) | 1.40 ± 0.22 | 1.56 ± 0.25 | ≤0.01 | 1.19 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.05 | n.s. |
| P-CHOL (mM) | 4.36 ± 0.83 | 4.18 ± 0.82 | n.s. | 4.36 ± 0.78 | 4.27 ± 0.79 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| P-TG (mM) | 0.92 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.35 | ≤0.05 | 1.07 ± 0.37 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Clamp | |||||||||
| Basal | |||||||||
| B-Glucose (mM) | 4.59 ± 0.47 | 5.05 ± 0.40 | ≤0.001 | 4.97 ± 0.48 | 5.18 ± 0.34 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. |
| S-Insulin (pM) | 30.2 ± 14.7 | 43.4 ± 29.2 | ≤0.05 | 41.7 ± 14.6 | 44.7 ± 21.9 | n.s. | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. |
| P-NEFA (µM) | 334 ± 136 | 205 ± 82 | ≤0.001 | 406 ± 200 | 188 ± 91 | ≤0.001 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| HGP (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 2.21 ± 0.48 | 2.85 ± 0.99 | ≤0.01 | 2.40 ± 0.50 | 2.48 ± 0.50 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ≤0.05 |
| Hepatic IR (mg/kg·FFM/min ·pM) | 68.7 ± 34.1 | 113.7 ± 61.5 | ≤0.001 | 102.3 ± 50.8 | 108.7 ± 55.5 | n.s. | ≤0.05 | n.s. | ≤0.05 |
| GOX (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 2.34 ± 0.76 | 2.43 ± 0.71 | n.s. | 1.95 ± 0.78 | 2.20 ± 0.56 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| FOX (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 1.00 ± 0.38 | 1.02 ± 0.33 | n.s. | 1.11 ± 0.53 | 1.17 ± 0.33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Insulin-stimulated | |||||||||
| P-NEFA (µM) | 9.29 ± 4.39 | 12.42 ± 6.43 | ≤0.01 | 9.56 ± 5.03 | 14.39 ± 7.76 | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| M-value (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 13.73 ± 2.32 | 13.29 ± 3.32 | n.s. | 13.47 ± 3.14 | 11.89 ± 3.57 | ≤0.05 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| GOX (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 5.18 ± 0.82 | 5.04 ± 0.98 | n.s. | 4.95 ± 0.92 | 4.78 ± 0.82 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| FOX (mg/kg·FFM/min) | 0.01 ± 0.25 | 0.17 ± 0.33 | n.s. | 0.13 ± 0.46 | 0.37 ± 0.35 | ≤0.05 | n.s. | ≤0.05 | n.s. |
| IVGTT | |||||||||
| FPIR (pM) | 1894 ± 1431 | 2604 ± 1793 | ≤0.001 | 2135 ± 1034 | 2750 ± 1509 | ≤0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Hepatic DI | 0.38 ± 0.63 | 0.25 ± 0.21 | n.s. | 0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.24 ± 0.13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Peripheral DI | 0.29 ± 0.19 | 0.35 ± 0.20 | ≤0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.32 ± 0.17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations (SD). P-values are presented unadjusted for multiple comparisons, and P-values ≤ 0.05 are considered statistically significant. PNBW and PLBW: O vs. C diet within each birth weight group, PC and PO: LBW vs. NBW men within each diet, PΔ: LBW vs. NBW men on response values. P-values ≤ 0.05 are marked in bold. n.s.: Not significant. Other abbreviations: B: Blood, CHOL: Cholesterol, DI: Disposition index, FFM: Fat free mass, FOX: Fatty acid oxidation, FPIR: First phase insulin response, GOX: Glucose oxidation, HGP: Hepatic glucose production, IR: Insulin resistance, P: Plasma, S: Serum, TG: Triacylglycerol.