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. 2018 Feb 22;9:775. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02983-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Global patterns of submesoscale vertical heat transport. Values are spatially smoothed over 3° × 3° square boxes; positive values indicate upward. The heat flux is calculated at 40 m depth (a, b) and 200 m depth (c, d) during the winter or summer seasons: a, c Jan–March mean and b, d Jul–Sep mean. In most area of mid-latitudes, vertical heat transport at submesoscales is ~20–100 W/m² and is systematically upwards