Table 4.

Infant body composition at study assessment

	Lifestyle Intervention mean ± SD	Usual Care mean ± SD	Unadjusted Differences diff ± SE	P-value1	Adjusted Differences diff ± SE6	P-value2
	N=97	N=99
Study weight (g)	3229 ± 526	3108 ± 500	121 ± 73	0.10	131 ± 59	0.03
Study length (cm)	49.6 ± 2.5	49.4 ± 2.3	0.2 ± 0.3	0.53	0.3 ± 0.3	0.33
Ponderal index (kg/m3)	26.2 ± 1.9	25.6 ± 2.1	0.6 ± 0.3	0.02	0.7 ± 0.3	0.02
Head circumference (cm)	34.33 ± 1.52	33.97 ± 1.49	0.36 ± 0.22	0.10	0.38 ± 0.17	0.03
Skinfolds	N=97	N=99
Triceps (mm)	4.83 ± 1.35	4.65 ± 1.11	0.18 ± 0.18	0.31	0.20 ± 0.17	0.26
Subscapular (mm)	4.55 ± 1.27	4.32 ± 1.17	0.23 ± 0.17	0.19	0.25 ± 0.17	0.14
Iliac crest (mm)	3.97 ± 0.95	3.91 ± 0.99	0.06 ± 0.14	0.64	0.08 ± 0.13	0.54
Thigh (mm)	5.93 ± 1.89	5.66 ± 1.57	0.27 ± 0.25	0.28	0.29 ± 0.24	0.22
Central3 (mm)	8.52 ± 2.10	8.23 ± 2.01	0.29 ± 0.29	0.32	0.33 ± 0.28	0.24
Peripheral4 (mm)	10.76 ± 3.09	10.32 ± 2.54	0.45 ± 0.40	0.27	0.49 ± 0.39	0.21
Sum of skinfolds5 (mm)	19.29 ± 5.03	18.55 ± 4.41	0.74 ± 0.68	0.27	0.82 ± 0.65	0.20
Outcomes
PEAPOD	N=95	N=96
PEAPOD age (days)	2.86 ± 5.34	3.32 ± 6.26	−0.46 ± 0.84	0.59	−0.35 ± 0.70	0.62
Percentage fat (%)	10.86 ± 4.34	10.10 ± 3.90	0.76 ± 0.60	0.20	0.79 ± 0.55	0.16
Fat mass (g)	360 ± 173	324 ± 157	36 ± 24	0.13	38 ± 22	0.08
Fat-free mass (g)	2871 ± 404	2786 ± 405	85 ± 59	0.15	98 ± 45	0.03
QMR (g)	N=82	N=87
QMR age (days)	2.63 ± 4.95	3.13 ± 5.17	−0.49 ± 0.78	0.53	−0.49 ± 0.60	0.42
Total fat mass (g)	542 ± 189	509 ± 179	33 ± 28	0.25	32 ± 24	0.19
Total lean mass (g)	2327 ± 325	2211 ± 314	116 ± 49	0.02	105 ± 38	0.006
Total body water (g)	2452 ± 334	2342 ± 320	109 ± 50	0.03	97 ± 40	0.02

¹p-value for unadjusted differences;

²p-value for adjusted differences;

³Central is the sum of subscapular and iliac crest.

⁴Peripheral is the sum of triceps and thigh;

⁵Sum of skinfolds is triceps and subscapular and iliac crest and thigh.

⁶The covariates used in the analyses were mother’s age and BMI at baseline, infant’s gestational age and sex.