Table 4.
Adult vaccination and multivariable logistic regression analysis among adults ≥18 years in the United States, by demographic and access-to-care characteristics—NHIS 2012
| Influenza vaccination (past 12 months) | Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) | Shingles vaccination (ever received) | Human papillomavirus vaccination (≥1 dose) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19–64 | 65+ | 19–64 HR | 65+ | 19–64 | 65+ | 60+ | 19–26 female | |
| APRa (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99)* | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87)* | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95)* | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82)* | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87)* | 0.86 (0.79, 0.95)* | 0.53 (0.42, 0.68)* | 0.73 (0.58, 0.92)* |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (0.99, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97)* | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00)* | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95)* | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.92)* | 0.61 (0.48, 0.78)* |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.24 (1.13, 1.37)* | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 0.74 (0.54, 1.02)* | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00)* | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90)* | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.53 (0.35, 0.82)* |
| Other | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.13) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.91)* | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.65, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.57) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.28) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 19–49 | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | NA | NA |
| 50–64 | 1.36 (1.30, 1.44)* | NA | 1.72 (1.53, 1.94)* | NA | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97)* | NA | NA | NA |
| 65–74 | NA | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
| 75–84 | NA | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16)* | NA | 1.16 (1.10, 1.22)* | NA | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89)* | NA | NA |
| 85+ | NA | 1.19 (1.14, 1.26)* | NA | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | NA | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81)* | NA | NA |
| 60–64 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Reference | NA |
| 65–74 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.58 (1.35, 1.84)* | NA |
| 75–84 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.63 (1.37, 1.94)* | NA |
| 85+ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.45 (1.16, 1.82)* | NA |
| 19–21 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Reference |
| 22–26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82)* |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | NA |
| Female | 1.12 (1.06, 1.17)* | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16)* | 0.91 (0.89, 0.94)* | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96)* | 1.30 (1.17, 1.45)* | NA |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98)* | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00)* | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33)* | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.94)* | 1.14 (0.57, 2.30) |
| Never married | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91)* | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 1.76 (1.36, 2.28)* |
| Education | ||||||||
| < High school | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school graduate | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10)* | 1.10 (1.01, 1.21)* | 1.26 (1.02, 1.55)* | 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) |
| College or higher | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27)* | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18)* | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40)* | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22)* | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16)* | 1.35 (1.23, 1.47)* | 1.84 (1.52, 2.21)* | 1.14 (0.86, 1.50) |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 0.89 (0.80, 1.00)* | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.46) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.49) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.52) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) |
| Not in work force | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17)* | 1.38 (1.21, 1.58)* | 1.21 (1.11, 1.31)* | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.23 (1.08, 1.41)* | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| Private | 1.54 (1.41, 1.68)* | 1.54 (1.00, 2.36)* | 1.45 (1.22, 1.71)* | 1.26 (0.84, 1.89) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10)* | 1.25 (0.82, 1.91) | 1.40 (0.94, 2.08) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) |
| Public | 1.53 (1.39, 1.69)* | 1.47 (0.96, 2.24)* | 1.44 (1.21, 1.72)* | 1.20 (0.80, 1.79) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.11)* | 1.24 (0.81, 1.88) | 1.16 (0.78, 1.74) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) |
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Number of doctor visits in past year | ||||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 1.21 (1.09, 1.35)* | 1.27 (1.09, 1.47)* | 1.24 (0.94, 1.62)* | 1.26 (1.06, 1.50)* | 1.11 (1.06, 1.15)* | 1.31 (1.12, 1.52)* | 1.97 (1.44, 2.68)* | 1.21 (0.91, 1.62)* |
| 2–3 | 1.56 (1.43, 1.71)* | 1.46 (1.27, 1.69)* | 1.56 (1.25, 1.95)* | 1.41 (1.21, 1.65)* | 1.17 (1.12, 1.22)* | 1.32 (1.14, 1.52)* | 2.17 (1.61, 2.92)* | 1.35 (1.05, 1.74)* |
| 4–9 | 1.77 (1.61, 1.94)* | 1.55 (1.34, 1.79)* | 1.58 (1.27, 1.97)* | 1.57 (1.35, 1.83)* | 1.22 (1.17, 1.28)* | 1.44 (1.24, 1.66)* | 2.29 (1.70, 3.09)* | 1.47 (1.12, 1.93)* |
| ≥10 | 1.91 (1.73, 2.11)* | 1.60 (1.37, 1.85)* | 2.19 (1.74, 2.76)* | 1.67 (1.43, 1.95)* | 1.33 (1.27, 1.39)* | 1.63 (1.41, 1.89)* | 2.54 (1.85, 3.49)* | 1.44 (1.06, 1.94)* |
| Usual source of health care | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.59 (1.45, 1.75)* | 1.82 (1.42, 2.32)* | 1.30 (1.08, 1.56)* | 1.98 (1.50, 2.60)* | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14)* | 1.16 (0.96, 1.39) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.09) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Self-reported health status | ||||||||
| Excellent/very good | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.69)* | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 1.79 (1.35, 2.37)* | 0.79 (0.38, 1.62) |
| Good | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.27)* | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84)* | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.48 (1.10, 1.98)* | 0.63 (0.30, 1.34) |
| Fair | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.68) | 0.60 (0.25, 1.44) |
| Poor | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Duration of U.S. residence | ||||||||
| U.S. born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| In U.S. <10 yrs | 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.21) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.38) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.39) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.48) | 0.88 (0.39, 1.97) | 0.52 (0.28, 0.98)* |
| In U.S. ≥10 yrs | 1.00 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.98)* | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83)* | 0.89 (0.84, 0.93)* | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91)* | 0.74 (0.57, 0.97)* | 0.71 (0.50, 0.99)* |
| Region of residence | ||||||||
| Northeast | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11)* | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23)* | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.73)* |
| South | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.23) | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84)* |
| West | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12)* | 1.17 (1.07, 1.27)* | 1.33 (1.14, 1.56)* | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95)* |
Note: Boldface indicates significance.
Abbreviations: CI=Confidence interval; NA=Not applicable.
a
Adjusted prevalence ratios, adjusted for all variables included in the table.
*
p < 0.05 comparing to reference group.