Table 2.
Summary of In Vivo Imaging Techniques Presented
| Technique | Description of principle | Examples of applications | Investigators |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mucosal exposure to Methylene Blue | Measures dye dissemination | Combined with MR imaging | Keele |
| Tracking of lymphatic dissemination following mucosal exposure | |||
| Molecularly tagged SIVmac239X | SIVmac239 clones tagged with a specific sequence | Combined with laser capture microdissection and proviral sequencing | Keele |
| Measures viral dissemination and evolution in tissues | |||
| Dynamic MRI | Mean specific uptake/cm3 | Generation of high-resolution images of lymph nodes | Schacker |
| 3 Tesla magnet with unique coil | |||
| SPECT/CT | Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma-emitting radioisotopes. | In vivo imaging of the CD4 pool, following SIV infection or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in NHPs | Di Mascio |
| It has lower spatial resolution and sensitivity (but also less cost prohibitive) compared with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). | |||
| Computed Tomography (CT), produces anatomic pictures of the organs and structures of the body for precise identification of the regions of interest in the coregistered nuclear medicine images. | |||
| Bioluminescence Imaging | Firefly Luciferase + D-Luciferin = Bioluminescence | Methodology for revealing cell trafficking during ongoing biological processes by detection of light emitted following chemical reaction of luciferase enzyme with its substrate | Young, Mempel |
| HIV-GFP | SIV-GFP-T2A-SSTR2 | ||
| MLV Gag-GFP | SIV-GFP-IRES-Ferritin | ||
| mCherry or GFP labeling of cells | Dual reporter imaging (ELuc and NanoLuc™) in humanized mice | ||
| Multimodality imaging | PET/CT plus near-infrared imaging | Multimodality imaging to harness complementary nature of different modalities by enabling sequential functional and anatomic imaging on integrated imaging platforms | Santangelo, Villinger, Le Grand |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that uses positron-emitting radioisotopes. | |||
| Colocalization of delivered probes and anti-CD4 staining | |||
| Near-infrared fluorescence imaging | Optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) light is a new imaging modality that has recently emerged in the field of cancer imaging. It can penetrate several centimeters into tissue. | In vivo imaging of antigen expression | Le Grand |
| Effect of electroporation on HIV DNA vaccine | |||
| Two-photon microscopy | Fluorescence imaging utilizing pulsed lasers that penetrate deep into tissues. | Imaging cellular dynamics in vivo | Victora, Mempel, |
| Brainbow system | Multicolor labeling | Visualization of germinal center clonal dynamics | Victora |
| Monitoring cell–cell interactions in vivo | |||
| Mass spectrometry imaging | Protein and small molecule localization using ion/laser beam combined with mass spectrometry | Highly multiplexed histochemistry, tissue distribution of antiretroviral drugs | Angelo, Kashuba |