Figure 10.

Proposed model for intra-PVN CRF signaling. CRFR1 neurons (green) receive monosynaptic inputs from both CRF neurons (red) and AVP neurons (blue) from within the PVN, together with other hypothalamic inputs, to coordinate PVN activity during stress. CRFR1 neurons make inhibitory synapses onto CRF neurons, functioning as a synaptic negative feedback on HPA axis activity. CRFR1 neurons also synapse on other resident PVN neurons to coordinate activity of CRF neurons with other endocrine axes. CRFR1 neurons also send excitatory long-range projections to potentiate autonomic tone during stress.