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. 2018 Feb 23;8:3525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21901-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Average lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was significantly higher in the ZEEP group than in sham and PEEP groups 2.5 (p < 0.01 for both comparisons) and four hours (p < 0.001 for both comparisons) after acid/saline instillation. There was a no significant difference between the latter two groups at both 2.5 and 4 hours. (b) Pulmonary compliance (C_dyn) declined in the injured rats 1 hour after acid instillation, and continued to decline in the ZEEP group compared to the sham and PEEP groups (p < 0.001). C_dyn was not statistically different between sham and PEEP rats during the rest of the experiment. (c) Oxygen saturation (S_pO₂) was similar among the groups at healthy baseline and 1 hour after acid/saline instillation, but declined over time in the ZEEP group while remaining unchanged in the sham and PEEP groups. Groups were statistically different at 4 hours after acid/saline instillation (χ²(2) = 10.004, p = 0.006), with the ZEEP group having significantly lower oxygen saturation than the sham (p = 0.003) and PEEP (p = 0.035) groups. PEEP and Sham groups were not different (p = 0.804). (^$p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), (¹ZEEP vs. Sham, ²PEEP vs Sham, ³PEEP vs. ZEEP). (Note that for lactate-to-pyruvate ratio at 2.5 hours, N = 3 for the ZEEP group. For all groups and all time-points N = 7).