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. 2018 Feb 23;8:3525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21901-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The right panel shows a selection of the voxels in the hyperpolarized carbon-13 spectroscopic image overlay. Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was similar at baseline in all regions across all groups, and increases 2.5 hours after acid instillation in all lung regions in ZEEP rats. 4 hours after acid instillation, the ratio continues to increase in the posterior region on both sides. The lactate-to-pyruvate ratio measured in the myocardium and heart chambers remains unchanged over time in all groups (AL: anterior left, PL: posterior left, AR: anterior right and PR: posterior right).