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. 2018 Feb 23;8:3549. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21552-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Allopurinol up-regulates the IGF-1/Akt pathway and down-regulates muscle atrophy-related E3 ubiquitin ligases in skeletal muscle. (A) Representative western blotting of soleus proteins (full-length blots are included in supplementary information. See Supplementary Figure 3). (B) Shows mRNA levels of Cbl-b in soleus muscle. (C to E) Show the densitometric analysis quantified using relative expression in arbitrary units of IRS-1 (C), p-Akt (D), p-FoxO3 (E). (F and G) Show the soleus muscle mRNA levels of MuRF-1 (F) and MAFbx (G). (H to J) Show the densitometric analysis quantified using relative expression in arbitrary units of Beclin-1 (H), p62 (I), and LC3-II (J). Actin and GAPDH were used as a loading control in the western blots, as indicated. Data are shown as mean ± SD, C (n = 4–6), U (n = 4–5), and UA (n = 4–5).