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. 2018 Feb 23;8:3551. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21427-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) relationship to spatially averaged rainfall. With rigorous statistical confidence bounds, there is a coherency between these indices and the Ugandan rainfall, but only in recent years, and only for relatively short periods from 1–4 years. (A) Wavelet coherency between spatially averaged and filtered rainfall, with the ENSO index interpolated from monthly to daily values, and filtered identically as rainfall data. The second panel reflects the mean of 1000 surrogate coherency calculations, from which 95% (third panel) and 99% (fourth panel) confidence limits reveal only the regions that met these significance criteria. The cone of influence, delimiting where edge effects substantially confound the analysis, is indicated by the white dotted line. (B) Identical calculations for the IOD index. The most significant coherencies between ENSO and IOD occurs during the most recent 10 years, with periods from 1–4 years.