Table 3. Data extraction of number of male and female participants, absolute and body-normalized VO2peak values, age, body mass, type of disability, training status, exercise mode, and methodological quality of each of the studies included in this systematic literature review on peak aerobic capacity between and within Paralympic sitting sports.
Mean age and body mass ± SE are presented of each sports discipline are presented in the grey lines.
| Author and year of publication |
Total number of athletes | Male athletes | Female athletes | Absolute VO2peak ± SD (L∙min-1) |
Body-mass normalized VO2peak ± SD (mL∙kg-1∙min-1) |
Age ± SD (grey lines: ± SE) |
Body mass ± SD (grey lines: ± SE) |
Disability | Training status | Test mode and protocol | Methodological quality |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NORDIC SIT SKIING | 24 | 23 | 1 | 41.2 ± 6.3 | 64.8 ± 5.2 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2010) [2]‡ | 5 | 5 | 0 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 51.9 ± 6.9 | 39.6 ± 7.0 | 64.6 ± 4.8 | 3 PARA, 2 PM | ns | ACE (R) | good | |
| Bernardi et al. (2012) [6] | 16 | 16 | 0 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 46 ± 9.8 | 41 ± 6.7 | 63.6 ± 6.3 | 3 AMP, 4 PM, 9 ns | ns | ACE (R) | low | |
| Bhambhani et al. (2012) [28]‡ | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 34.7 ± 9.3 | 44 ± 10.5 | 67.1 ± 8.8 | 3 PARA | ns | Poling (R) | moderate | |
| PARA ICE HOCKEY | 46 | 46 | 0 | 34.1 ± 6.0 | 75.9 ± 10.5 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2012) [6] | 34 | 34 | 0 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 32.4 ± 6.1 | 38 ± 6.8 | 78 ± 11.4 | 20 AMP, 2 SB, 2 PM, 1 LA, 9 ns | ns | ACE (R) | low | |
| Sandbakk et al. (2014) [29] | 12 | 12 | 0 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | - | 28 ± 9.0 | 74.0 ± 10.0 | 12 ns | 491 ± 112 hrs/year | Poling (R) | moderate | |
| HANDCYCLING | 30 | 20 | 2 | 41.3 ± 3.8 | 70.2 ± 3.7 | |||||||
| Fischer et al. (2014) [30]‡ | 12 | 6 | 1 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 31.7 ± 8.2 | 42.4 ± 5.1 | 68.1 ± 7.5 | 7 PARA | 6.3 ± 2.9 hrs/week | Handbike (R) | moderate | |
| 4 | 1 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 32 ± 7.1 | 42.8 ± 4.5 | 64.4 ± 5.8 | 5 PARA | 6.6 ± 2.6 hrs/week | |||||
| Knechtle et al. (2004b) [31] | 8 | ns | ns | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 37.5 ± 7.3 | 38.6 ± 5.9 | 71.4 ± 8.4 | 6 PARA, 2 AMP | ns | Handbike (S) | moderate | |
| Lovell et al. (2012) [32]‡ | 10 | 10 | 0 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 40.4 ± 5.5 | 40.8 ± 7.6 | 80.3 ± 7.8 | 9 PARA, 1 SB | 230 ± 57 km/week | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| THROWING (Athletics) | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||||||||
| Gass & Camp (1979) [33] | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 30.1 ± 4.2 | - | 85.5 ± 9.98 | 4 PARA | 8 ± 4 hrs/week | Treadmill (S-I) | good | |
| WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL | 234 | 198 | 36 | 29.0 ± 1.7 | 69.9 ± 3.0 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2010) [2]‡ | 13 | 13 | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 36.9 ± 3.7 | 30.8 ± 7.2 | 73.5 ± 9.3 | 7 PARA, 4 AMP, 2 PM | ns | ACE (R) | good | |
| Bloxham et al. (2001) [34]‡,† | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 37.6 ± 6.7 | 26 ± 5.9 | 69.1 ± 9.5 | 3 AMP, 3 SB | ns | WERG (S) | low | |
| Coutts et al. (1990) [35]‡,† | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 34.6 ± 3.9 | 32 ± 9.5 | 74.5 ± 15.0 | 2 PARA, 1 PM | ns | WERG (R) | low | |
| Croft et al. (2010) [36]‡,† | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 39.8 ± 5.4 | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 74.1 ± 18.2 | 3 PARA, 1 SB, 2 LA | 15.8 ± 3.7 hrs/week | Treadmill (R) | moderate | |
| de Lira et al. (2010) [37]‡ | 17 | 17 | 0 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 30.8 ± 6.1 | 25.4 ± 4.4 | 63.9 ± 15.4 | 7 PARA, 2 AMP, 8 PM | ns | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| Dwyer & Davis (1997) [38] | 13 | 0 | 13 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 26.8 ± 5.3 | 26 ± 6.0 | 62.5 ± 9.5 | 13 ns | ns | ACE (R) | low | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey & Tolfrey. (2004) [39]‡,† | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1.6 | - | 22.0 | 60.0 | 1 PARA | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2005) [40]‡ | 12 | 12 | 0 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | - | 32.3 ± 4.6 | 74.7 ± 14.4 | 7 PARA, 1 AMP, 2 SB, 2 PM | 20 hrs/week | WERG (S) | good | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey & Tolfrey (2008) [41] | 24 | 2 | 0 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | - | 35 ± 1.0 | 75.8 ± 14.9 | 2 ns | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| - | 11 | 0 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | - | 28 ± 5.0 | 71 ± 8.7 | 11 ns | ns | WERG (S) | |||
| - | 4 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | - | 32 ± 3.0 | 70.7 ± 5.8 | 4 ns | ns | WERG (S) | |||
| - | 7 | 0 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | - | 28 ± 7.0 | 79.2 ± 10.0 | 7 ns | ns | WERG (S) | |||
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2014) [42] | 17 | 9 | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | - | 29 ± 9.0 | 70.3 ± 12.6 | 9 ns | 14.9 ± 1 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | good | |
| - | 8 | 0 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | - | 27 ± 8.0 | 84.8 ± 10.7 | 6 AMP, 2 LA | 14 ± 3 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | |||
| Griggs et al. (2015) [43]‡ | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | - | 27.8 ± 6.2 | 67.7 ± 13.1 | 8 PARA | 16 ± 2 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | low | |
| Knechtle & Knopfli. (2001) [44]P,‡,† | 10 | 10 | 0 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 35.4 ± 4.5 | 29.4 ± 6.3 | 72.8 ± 16.9 | 7 PARA, 1 AMP, 1 PM, 1 LA | ns | Treadmill (I) | moderate | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 2.8 | 38.3 | 21 | 84 | 1 TETRA | ns | Treadmill (I) | |||
| Leicht et al. (2012) [45]‡ | 9 | 9 | 0 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 34.9 ± 5.1 | 30.6 ± 9.0 | 71.9 ± 12.6 | 9 PARA | 11.6 ± 4.1 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | good | |
| Leicht et al. (2014) [46] | 9 | 8 | 1 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 32.8 ± 10.3 | 26.2 ± 5.6 | 64.1 ± 10.4 | 8 PARA, 1 LA | 10.6 ± 5.5 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| Rotstein et al. (1994) [47]‡,† | 8 | 8 | 0 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 7.5 | 31.3 ± 9.5 | 76.1 ± 20.4 | 4 PARA, 2 AMP, 1 PM, 1 LA | ns | ACE (R) /Treadmill (I) | moderate | |
| Schmid et al. (1998) [48] | 13 | 0 | 13 | - | 33.7 ± 5.2 | 27.8 ± 5.6 | 56.5 ± 6.8 | 9 PARA, 4 ns | 7.6 ± 2.1 hrs/week | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| vd Woude et al. (2002) [26] | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | - | 30.8 ± 6.3 | 67.6 ± 18.4 | 5 LA | 8.4 ± 5.5 hrs/week | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| Vanlandewijk et al. (1994) [49]‡ | 40 | 13 | 0 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 29.7 ± 8.6 | 29.6 ± 4.8 | 65.5 ± 12.6 | 12 PARA, 1 PM | 4.5 ± 1.7 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| - | 14 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 36.3 ± 9.3 | 32.9 ± 8.4 | 70.7 ± 12.4 | 8 PARA, 1 SB, 5 PM | 6.4 ± 3.4 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | |||
| - | 13 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 37.9 ± 5.2 | 32.8 ± 7.2 | 67.9 ± 12.2 | 2 PARA, 3 AMP, 1 SB, 7 PM |
5.5 ± 1.7 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | |||
| Veeger et al. (1991) [50] | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 37.9 ± 6.9 | 29 ± 3.5 | 72 ± 9.4 | 11 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| Zacharakis et al. (2012) [51]E,‡ | 8 | 8 | 0 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | - | 31.4 ± 8.4 | 72.8 ± 8.5 | 1 TETRA, 7 PARA | ns | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| ALPINE SIT SKIING | 23 | 21 | 2 | 32.2 ± 5.0 | 61.6 ± 7.3 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2012) [2] | 15 | 15 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 31.3 ± 6.7 | 33.1 ± 4.2 | 75.9 ± 15.4 | 1 SB, 14 ns | ns | ACE (R) | low | |
| Gass & Camp (1979) [33] | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 30.6 ± 9.7 | - | 52.4 ± 5.3 | 2 PARA, 1 PM | 3.5 ± 2.2 hrs/week | Treadmill (S-I) | good | |
| Goll et al. (2015) [52] | 5 | 0 | 2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 44.5 ± 4.9 | 18.5 ± 0.7 | 40 ± 0.0 | 2 ns | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| - | 3 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 35 ± 3.6 | 31 ± 5.9 | 69.0 ± 10.0 | 3 ns | ns | ACE (R) | |||
| WHEELCHAIR TENNIS | 36 | 29 | 7 | 30.0 ± 3.7 | 64.7 ± 4.9 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2010) [2]‡ | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 33.1 ± 2.9 | 38.5 ± 10.3 | 68.5 ± 8.4 | 4 PARA | ns | ACE (R) | good | |
| Croft et al. (2010) [36]‡,† | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 31 ± 6.6 | 23 ± 8.2 | 65.8 ± 18.1 | 3 PARA, 3 LA | 14.7 ± 7.8 hrs/week | Treadmill (R) | moderate | |
| Diaper & Goosey-Tolfrey (2009) [53] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2.0 | 39.5 | 33.0 | 50.1 | 1 PARA | ns | WERG (S) | - | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey & Tolfrey (2004) [39]‡,† | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 32.4 ± 7.0 | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 51.0 ± 8.4 | 3 PARA | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2006) [54]E,‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 14.9 ± 2.6 | 30 ± 4.3 | 68.3 ± 7.9 | 4 TETRA | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2008) [55]E,‡ | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | - | 27.2 ± 6.9 | 68.3 ± 17.9 | 2 TETRA, 3 PARA, 1 SB, 2 LA | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Roy et al. (2006) [56]‡,† | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 27.5 ± 6.5 | 40.2 ± 9.8 | 77.5 ± 15.5 | 5 PARA, 1 AMP | 8.7 ± 3.3 hrs/week | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Vinet et al. (1996) [57]‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 34.9 ± 1.8 | 28 ± 5.0 | 67.8 ± 5.7 | 4 PARA | 4.8 ± 1.0 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| WHEELCHAIR FENCING | 11 | 10 | 1 | 31.9 ± 4.4 | 69.0 ± 8.6 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2010) [2]‡ | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 34.4 ± 5.8 | 31.8 ± 5.4 | 68.3 ± 7.0 | 4 PARA, 1 AMP, 1 PM | ns | ACE (R) | good | |
| Veeger et al. (1991) [50] | 5 | 4 | 0 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 29.2 ± 3.6 | 32 ± 3.3 | 70.0 ± 10.2 | 4 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| - | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | - | - | - | 1 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | |||
| WHEELCHAIR RACING (athletics) | 205 | 177 | 24 | 29.0 ± 1.4 | 61.4 ± 1.8 | |||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2010) [2]‡ | 6 | 6 | 0 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 48.1 ± 6.4 | 30.2 ± 7.0 | 64.0 ± 7.2 | 5 PARA, 1 AMP | ns | ACE (R) | good | |
| Bhambhani et al. (1995) [58]E,‡,† | 8 | 8 | 0 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 19.8 ± 4.3 | 31.8 ± 6.9 | 72.1 ± 6.9 | 8 TETRA | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Campbell et al. (2004) [25]P,‡ | 20 | 3 | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | - | 34 ± 8.0 | 67.5 ± 3.2 | 3 TETRA | 5.4 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | moderate | |
| - | 8 | 0 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | - | 32 ± 6.0 | 67.8 ± 7.6 | 8 PARA | 5.4 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | |||
| - | 9 | 0 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | - | 30 ± 8.0 | 62.8 ± 10.9 | 9 PARA | 6.0 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | |||
| Cooper et al. (1992) [59]‡,† | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 39.8 ± 4.2 | 30.9 ± 6.1 | 66.0 ± 6.4 | 10 PARA, 1 SB | 7.9 ± hrs/week | WERG (S/R) | moderate | |
| Cooper et al. (1999) [60]P,‡,† | 7 | 6 | 1 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 41.0 ± 11.9 | 31.7 ± 4.9 | 68.8 ± 6.2 | 7 PARA | ns | ACE (R) /WERG (R) | moderate | |
| 3 | 1 | 2 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 22.4 ± 7.6 | 28.3 ± 2.5 | 61.2 ± 12.4 | 3 TETRA | ns | WERG (R) | |||
| Coutts & Stogryn. (1987) [61]‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 41 ± 9.9 | 26.8 ± 4.4 | 71.2 ± 16.7 | 3 PARA, 1 PM | ns | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.0 ± 0.02 | 17.1 ± 0.3 | 25.0 ± 1.4 | 59.4 ± 0.3 | 2 TETRA | ns | ||||
| Coutts et al. (1990) [35]‡,† | 6 | 6 | 0 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 52.7 ± 7.8 | 25.7 ± 4.0 | 58.5 ± 8.0 | 2 PARA, 3 AMP, 1 PM | ns | WERG (R) | low | |
| Crews et al. (1982) [62]‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 30.9 ± 7.1 | 28.8 ± 3.7 | 73.3 ± 3.7 | 3 PARA, 1 AMP | 72.4 ± 33.8 km/week | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| Gass et al. (1979) [33]P | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 38.4 ± 9.5 | - | 61.3 ± 6.5 | 4 PARA | 4.1 ± 1.8 hrs/week | Treadmill (S-I) | good | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.1 | 19.4 | - | 54.6 | 1 TETRA | 1.5 hrs/week | ||||
| Gass et al. (2002) [63]E,‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 16.7 ± 3.5 | 38 ± 4.6 | 68.7 ± 12.0 | 4 TETRA | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey & Campbell (1998) [64]‡,† | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 37.8 ± 7.9 | 29.9 ± 8.0 | 68.0 ± 11.4 | 7 PARA, 1 SB | ns | Treadmill (I) | moderate | |
| Goosey et al. (2000) [65]‡,† | 8 | 8 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 43.0 ± 10.6 | 26 ± 8.3 | 61.7 ± 11.6 | 3 PARA, 5 SB | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey & Tolfrey (2004) [39]‡,† | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 33.9 ± 3.8 | 29 ± 7.6 | 52.5 ± 14.5 | 1 PARA, 1 AMP, 3 SB | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Hooker & Wells (1992) [66]‡ | 7 | 6 | 1 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 43.1 ± 7.4 | 35 ± 6.1 | 61.6 ± 5.7 | 7 PARA | specified in article | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Knechtle et al. (2004a) [67]‡,† | 8 | 6 | 2 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 41.2 ± 6.5 | 34.8 ± 6.3 | 59.6 ± 5.5 | 5 PARA, 2 SB, 1 PM | ns | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.8 | 32.7 | 51.0 | 56.0 | 1 TETRA | ns | ||||
| Morris (1986) [68] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1.4 | 21.1 | 25.0 | 65.5 | 1 PARA | 80.5 km/week | ACE (R) | - | |
| O'Connor et al. (1998) [69]‡,† | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 36.2 ± 5.5 | 27.5 ± 4.9 | 64.1 ± 8.0 | 6 PARA | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| Perret et al. (2012) [70]‡ | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | - | 32.8 ± 12.2 | 59.1 ± 11.0 | 6 PARA, 2 SB | ns | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| Shiba et al. (2010) [71] | 4 | ns | ns | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 36.9 ± 4.3 | 31.5 ± 9.0 | 52.0 ± 8.2 | 4 PARA | ns | WERG (I) | moderate | |
| Tolfrey et al. (2001) [72]‡,† | 16 | 16 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 41.2 ± 9.2 | 28.1 ± 8.3 | 60.6 ± 11.0 | 8 PARA, 1 AMP, 6 SB, 1 PM | ns | WERG (S) | moderate | |
| vd Woude et al. (2002) [26]P | 48 | 3 | 0 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | - | 30.7 ± 8.3 | 61.7 ± 7.6 | 3 TETRA | 11.3 ± 1.2 hrs/week | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| - | 4 | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | - | 29.5 ± 7.2 | 66.0 ± 9.3 | 4 ns | 15.8 ± 7.2 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| - | 8 | 0 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | - | 31.4 ± 2.8 | 62.1 ± 8.8 | 8 ns | 13.5 ± 3 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| - | 23 | 0 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | - | 27 ± 5.4 | 59.9 ± 11.8 | 23 ns | 15.9 ± 7.3 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| - | 0 | 4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | - | 29 ± 2.9 | 46.0 ± 4.1 | 4 ns | 13.4 ± 3.3 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| - | 0 | 3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | - | 26 ± 5.6 | 52.3 ± 10.1 | 3 ns | 13.8 ± 6.8 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| - | 0 | 3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | - | 23 ± 3.5 | 51.3 ± 8.1 | 3 ns | 12.5 ± 2.5 hrs/week | WERG (R) | |||
| Vinet et al. (1996) [57]‡,† | 5 | 5 | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 43.6 ± 7.9 | 29.6 ± 4.0 | 63.2 ± 12.1 | 3 PARA, 1 SB, 1 PM | 7.8 ± 3.5 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | moderate | |
| ARCHERY | 8 | 7 | 1 | - | - | |||||||
| Cooper et al. (1999) [60]‡ | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 22.2 ± 2.1 | 44.0 ± 11.3 | 88.0 ± 12.9 | 3 PARA | ns | WERG (R) | moderate | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.9 | 14.9 | 35 | 61.7 | 1 TETRA | ns | ||||
| Gass & Camp (1979) [33] | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 38.3 ± 4.1 | 41.9 ± 2.5 | - | 2 PARA | 11 ± 9.2 hrs/week | Treadmill (S-I) | good | |
| Veeger et al. (1991) [50] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1.4 | 17.5 | 47.0 | 80.0 | 1 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| - | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | - | - | - | 1 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | |||
| WHEELCHAIR CURLING | - | - | ||||||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2012) [6] | 10 | 10 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 23.4 ± 7.6 | 42 ± 8.6 | 82.3 ± 29.3 | 1 PM, 1 LA, 8 ns | ns | ACE (R) | low | |
| WHEELCHAIR TABLE TENNIS | 8 | 6 | 2 | 30.1 ± 11.4 | 60.8 ± 8.9 | |||||||
| Cooper et al. (1999) [60]P,‡ | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 26.5 ± 11.5 | 26 ± 12.2 | 62.4 ± 12.0 | 3 PARA | ns | ACE (R) /WERG (R) | moderate | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.96 | 12.2 | 38 | 78.69 | 1 TETRA | ns | WERG (R) | |||
| Veeger et al. (1991) [50] | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 30.7 ± 6.5 | 34 ± 11.9 | 60.0 ± 5.9 | 4 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| SHOOTING | 18 | 9 | 9 | 39.6 ± 5.5 | 84.8 ± 19.6 | |||||||
| Castle et al. (2013) [73]E,‡ | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | - | 40.2 ± 1.8 | 69.7 ± 7.4 | 1 TETRA, 2 PARA, 1 SB, 1 PM | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Cooper et al. (1999) [60]P,‡ | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 17.9 ± 2.7 | 44.8 ± 8.5 | 86.8 ± 20.9 | 4 PARA | ns | ACE (R) /WERG (R) | moderate | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.72 | 7.6 | 52 | 94.7 | 1 TETRA | ns | WERG (R) | |||
| Veeger et al. (1991) [50] | 8 | 4 | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 4.5 | 37 ± 5.1 | 83.0 ± 18.4 | 4 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | moderate | |
| - | 0 | 4 | 1.3 | - | - | - | 4 ns | ns | Treadmill (S-I) | |||
| WHEELCHAIR RUGBY | 114 | 110 | 4 | 29.9 ± 1.7 | 70.4 ± 3.5 | |||||||
| Barfield et al. (2010) [74]†,‡ | 9 | 9 | 0 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 16.0 ± 4.7 | 32.7 ± 7.8 | 68.2 ± 15.2 | 9 TETRA | 11.4 ± 10.4 hrs/week | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Domaszewska et al. (2013) [75]‡ | 14 | 14 | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 17.8 ± 5.0 | 34.4 | 72.2 | 14 TETRA | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2006) [54]‡,† | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 1.8 | 28.8 ± 3.2 | 75.0 ± 13.4 | 4 TETRA | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| Goosey-Tolfrey et al. (2014) [42]‡ | 9 | 9 | 0 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | - | 30 ± 5.0 | 70.6 ± 10.1 | 9 TETRA | 13 ± 3 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | good | |
| Griggs et al. (2015) [43]‡ | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | - | 27 ± 4.2 | 65.2 ± 4.4 | 8 TETRA | 11 ± 6.4 hrs/week | Treadmill (S) | low | |
| Leicht et al. (2012) [45]‡ | 8 | 8 | 0 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 24.5 ± 4.9 | 29.2 ± 3.8 | 67.9 ± 6.7 | 8 TETRA | 13.6 ± 5.6 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | good | |
| Morgulec-Adamowicz et al. (2011) [76]‡ | 30 | 7 | 0 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 21.1 ± 6.3 | 31 ± 9.0 | 75.7 ± 8.2 | 7 TETRA | 4–6 hrs/week | Treadmill (ns) | moderate | |
| - | 9 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 26.4 ± 6.1 | 31 ± 8.0 | 69.8 ± 12.4 | 9 TETRA | Treadmill (ns) | ||||
| - | 6 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 25.6 ± 5.6 | 30 ± 5.0 | 72.5 ± 14.6 | 6 TETRA | Treadmill (ns) | ||||
| - | 8 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 30.2 ± 7.2 | 32 ± 5.0 | 81.4 ± 7.8 | 8 TETRA | Treadmill (ns) | ||||
| Taylor et al. (2010) [77] | 7 | 6 | 1 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 16.9 ± 4.9 | 30.9 ± 5.1 | 70.1 ± 13.8 | 7 TETRA | 11 ± 3 hrs/week | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| West et al. (2013) [78]‡,† | 7 | 7 | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 19.4 ± 3.8 | 31.7 ± 4.1 | 69.3 ± 13.5 | 7 TETRA | ns | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| West et al. (2014a) [79]‡ | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 19 ± 2.1 | 29 ± 2.0 | 67.0 ± 15.0 | 8 TETRA | 15 hrs/week | Treadmill (I) | moderate | |
| West et al. (2014b) [80]‡ | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | - | 27.9 ± 6.2 | 62.2 ± 9.2 | 5 TETRA | 20 hrs/week | ACE (R) | moderate | |
| - | 5 | 0 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | - | 30.5 ± 5.0 | 73.2 ± 13.3 | 5 TETRA | ACE (R) |
E These studies are excluded in the calculation of sports disciplines means of overview Table 2, since they only provide group data which includes data of athletes with TETRA.
P The data provided in these studies was only partially included of the athletes that had disabilities other than TETRA.
‡ Studies with data that is used in the meta-regression analyses
† Studies with individual data that is used in the pooled-data multiple regression analyses
Abbreviations: ns not specified, TETRA tetraplegia, PARA paraplegia, AMP amputation, PM poliomyelitis, SB spina bifida, LA Les Autres, ACE arm crank ergometer, WERG wheelchair ergometer, (S) speed increments, (I) incline increments, (S-I) combination of speed and incline increments, (R) resistance increments