Table 1. The effect of DHA on gene expression stimulated by LPS, PA or LPS plus PA.
| Genes | Fold increase by: | % inhibition by DHA | Fold increase by: | % inhibition by HDA | Fold increase by: | % inhibition by HDA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DHA | LPS | LPS+DHA | PA | PA+DHA | LPS+PA | LPS+PA+DHA | ||||
| MCP-1 | 11 | 18 | 11 | 36 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 48 | 6 | 87 |
| CD86 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 61 | 6 | 3 | 55 | 10 | 3 | 70 |
| CSF3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | - | 7 | 2 | 73 | 95 | 3 | 97 |
| IL-1α | 3 | 10 | 1 | 87 | 6 | 2 | 74 | 30 | 5 | 84 |
| IL-1β | 1 | 10 | 3 | 71 | 3 | 4 | - | 29 | 4 | 87 |
| IL-6 | 3 | 39 | 2 | 96 | 10 | 2 | 77 | 196 | 3 | 98 |
| COX-2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 33 | 5 | 2 | 67 | 11 | 2 | 81 |
| IL-10 | 5 | 2 | 7 | (up 288%) | 2 | 7 | (up 337%) | 4 | 14 | (up 339%) |
RAW264.7 cells were treated with 1 ng/ml of LPS, 100 μM of palmitic acid (PA) or LPS plus PA in the absence or presence of 100 μM of DHA for 24 h and RNA was isolated from duplicate wells, combined and subjected to gene expression analysis using a Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway-focused PCR array as described in the Methods. Full names for the abbreviations of the genes: MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; CSF3, colony stimulating factor 3; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2.