Table 3. Dog-directed Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire.

The Dog-Directed Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (DD-PSDQ) as constructed from the adapted 32-PSDQ with the addition of two elements from the 62-PSDQ to create a more balanced set of scales.

Authoritarian–correction orientated

I yell or shout when my dog misbehaves

I scold or criticize when my dog's behaviour doesn't meet my expectations

I can explode in anger towards my dog when he does something he knows I don’t want him to do

I raise my voice to make my dog improve

I use physical punishment (for instance a slap or a correction chain) as a way to improve my dog’s behaviour

I use a corrective slap when my dog misbehaves

I use a poke of my finger, or short kick to snap my dog out of it when it misbehaves

I grab my dog when he/she is being disobedient

Authoritative–intrinsic value orientated

I allow my dog to give input on decisions for instance with regard to the route we follow on walks

I take my dog's desires into account before asking him to do something

I am responsive to my dog's feelings or needs

I encourage my dog to show how it feels, it is allowed to growl for instance, when uncomfortable

I give comfort when my dog is upset

I take into account my dog's preferences in making plans

Authoritative–training orientated

I give praise when my dog is good

I practice behaviour step by step with my dog, so I am sure he understands what I ask of him

I use more or higher value reward (food or toy) when I believe my dog should really do something in a situation

I think about why rules should be obeyed by my dog

I practice certain behaviour with my dog before asking this behaviour in a more difficult situation

I channel my dog's misbehaviour into a more acceptable activity