Table 1. Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the subjects according to gender.
| Male (n = 428) | Female (n = 717) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| Age (years, range) | 52.1 ± 9.3 (30–81) | 55.0 ± 9.3 (34–85) | 52.4 ± 8.2 (25–75) | 55.5 ± 8.3 (27–78) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.3 ± 12.7 | 118.7 ± 12.7 | 112.0 ± 14.6 | 113.6 ± 14.5 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 10.2 | 77.9 ± 10.0 | 70.4 ± 10.7 | 71.7 ± 10.0 |
| Height (cm) | 170.4 ± 5.9 | 170.6 ± 5.9 | 158.4 ± 5.1 | 158.5 ± 5.1 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.7 ± 8.3 | 70.2 ± 8.4 | 56.0 ± 7.1 | 55.8 ± 7.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 2.4 | 24.1 ± 2.4 | 22.3 ± 2.7 | 22.2 ± 2.7 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.0 ± 6.5 | 86.8 ± 6.7 | 80.9 ± 7.5 | 80.0 ± 7.8 |
| Abdominal adiposity | ||||
| TAT (cm2) | 266.4 ± 87.7 | 264.3 ± 87.3 | 261.7 ± 90.8 | 265.5 ± 93.3 |
| VAT (cm2) | 129.9 ± 52.9 | 127.3 ± 52.5 | 85.0 ± 40.4 | 86.2 ± 41.8 |
| SAT (cm2) | 136.6 ± 48.6 | 137.0 ± 49.1 | 176.7 ± 60.7 | 179.3 ± 63.0 |
| VAT/SAT ratio | 0.99 ± 0.40 | 0.97 ± 0.37 | 0.49 ± 0.20 | 0.49 ± 0.21 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.4 ± 32.9 | 187.8 ± 34.3 | 198.5 ± 33.0 | 198.8 ± 34.0 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.5 ± 61.3 | 100.7 ± 55.8 | 84.9 ± 47.4 | 87.3 ± 48.4 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.4 ± 11.6 | 50.4 ± 11.0 | 59.5 ± 13.2 | 57.8 ± 12.7 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.0 ± 30.6 | 119.9 ± 29.9 | 123.3 ± 30.9 | 121.8 ± 30.5 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.0 ± 15.5 | 97.9 ± 15.3 | 91.2 ± 15.1 | 94.1 ± 16.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.5 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |
| FVC (L) | 4.23 ± 0.63 | 4.15 ± 0.65 | 3.03 ± 0.45 | 2.95 ± 0.46 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 96.6 ± 11.1 | 96.1 ± 11.2 | 99.0 ± 12.3 | 98.9 ± 12.5 |
| FEV (L) | 3.42 ± 0.55 | 3.32 ± 0.57 | 2.48 ± 0.40 | 2.38 ± 0.42 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 105.7 ± 13.1 | 105.3 ± 13.5 | 107.8 ± 14.2 | 107.2 ± 15.5 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 80.8 ± 6.1 | 80.0 ± 6.0 | 81.9 ± 6.1 | 80.7 ± 5.8 |
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; CRP, C-reactive protein; The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.