(a) Contactless DEP (cDEP) microdevice (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Salmanzadeh et al., Lab Chip 12, 182 (2012). Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic showing the mechanism of the particle and cell separation of the DEP device with ionic liquid electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Sun et al., Anal. Chem. 88, 8264 (2016). Copyright 2016 ACS Publications. (c) Optical induced dielectrophoretic (ODEP) device. Reproduced with permission from Chiu et al., Sci. Rep. 6, 32851 (2016). Copyright 2016 Nature. (d) Single-cell capture microfluidic platform. Reproduced from permission from Biomicrofluidics 9, 064104 (2015). Copyright 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.