Table 3. Relationships among food group intakes and education attainment: NIPPON DATA2010.
| Age, years | Men | Women | |||||||||||
| Educational attainmenta | Pd | Educational attainmenta | Pd | ||||||||||
| ≤Junior high school | High school | College and University | Total | ≤Junior high school | High school | College and University | Total | ||||||
| Cereals | <65 | 269 (78)*c | 253 (76) | 245 (72) | 251 (75) | Education attainment | <0.001 | 234 (72) | 218 (72) | 223 (72) | 222 (72) | Education attainment | <0.001 |
| ≥65 | 254 (76)*c | 242 (66)*c | 219 (69) | 242 (72) | Age | <0.001 | 246 (71)*b,c | 220 (63)*c | 193 (69) | 228 (69) | Age | 0.243 | |
| Total | 258 (76)*b,c | 248 (72)*c | 237 (72) | 247 (74) | Interaction | 0.392 | 243 (72)*b,c | 219 (68) | 219 (72) | 224 (71) | Interaction | 0.002 | |
| Potatoes | <65 | 28 (31) | 26 (30) | 27 (32) | 27 (31) | Education attainment | 0.376 | 32 (40) | 32 (38) | 28 (34) | 30 (36) | Education attainment | 0.416 |
| ≥65 | 32 (38) | 27 (31) | 31 (38) | 30 (35) | Age | 0.183 | 38 (42) | 37 (38) | 34 (35) | 37 (40) | Age | 0.018 | |
| Total | 31 (36) | 26 (30) | 28 (34) | 28 (33) | Interaction | 0.755 | 36 (42) | 34 (38) | 29 (34) | 33 (38) | Interaction | 0.984 | |
| Soy | <65 | 37 (43) | 27 (35) | 30 (42) | 29 (39) | Education attainment | 0.097 | 34 (41) | 34 (39) | 35 (44) | 34 (41) | Education attainment | 0.718 |
| ≥65 | 39 (42) | 35 (37) | 37 (43) | 37 (41) | Age | 0.031 | 39 (44) | 43 (41) | 45 (40) | 42 (42) | Age | 0.003 | |
| Total | 38 (42) | 30 (36) | 32 (42) | 33 (40) | Interaction | 0.706 | 38 (43) | 38 (40) | 36 (44) | 37 (42) | Interaction | 0.818 | |
| Vegetables | <65 | 140 (96) | 132 (77) | 139 (78) | 136 (80) | Education attainment | 0.073 | 158 (96) | 160 (91) | 160 (93) | 160 (93) | Education attainment | 0.264 |
| ≥65 | 163 (90) | 157 (92) | 178 (87) | 164 (91) | Age | <0.001 | 185 (101)*b | 206 (101) | 197 (102) | 196 (102) | Age | <0.001 | |
| Total | 157 (92) | 142 (84) | 151 (83) | 148 (86) | Interaction | 0.448 | 178 (101) | 179 (98) | 165 (95) | 175 (98) | Interaction | 0.336 | |
| Fruit | <65 | 44 (53) | 35 (54) | 37 (53) | 37 (53) | Education attainment | 0.112 | 81 (95) | 62 (67) | 66 (78) | 66 (75) | Education attainment | 0.931 |
| ≥65 | 67 (66)*c | 73 (62) | 88 (67) | 74 (65) | Age | <0.001 | 86 (77) | 101 (78) | 98 (63) | 94 (76) | Age | <0.001 | |
| Total | 61 (63) | 50 (60) | 53 (63) | 54 (62) | Interaction | 0.018 | 84 (82) | 78 (74) | 71 (77) | 77 (77) | Interaction | 0.007 | |
| Fish | <65 | 41 (37) | 40 (37) | 38 (35) | 39 (36) | Education attainment | 0.511 | 52 (41)*c | 43 (40)*c | 36 (36) | 41 (39) | Education attainment | 0.018 |
| ≥65 | 51 (40) | 52 (39) | 48 (35) | 51 (39) | Age | <0.001 | 48 (46) | 46 (36) | 44 (31) | 47 (40) | Age | 0.302 | |
| Total | 49 (40) | 45 (38) | 41 (35) | 44 (38) | Interaction | 0.939 | 49 (45)*c | 44 (38) | 37 (35) | 43 (39) | Interaction | 0.235 | |
| Meat | <65 | 33 (27)*b,c | 46 (36) | 50 (35) | 46 (35) | Education attainment | 0.001 | 30 (29)*b,c | 44 (34) | 47 (36) | 43 (35) | Education attainment | <0.001 |
| ≥65 | 28 (27) | 32 (27) | 31 (25) | 30 (27) | Age | <0.001 | 26 (27)*b | 35 (27) | 35 (26) | 31 (27) | Age | <0.001 | |
| Total | 29 (27)*b,c | 40 (33) | 44 (33) | 39 (32) | Interaction | 0.046 | 27 (28)*b,c | 40 (31) | 45 (35) | 38 (32) | Interaction | 0.461 | |
| Eggs | <65 | 19 (20) | 18 (16) | 18 (15) | 18 (16) | Education attainment | 0.744 | 22 (22) | 20 (19) | 19 (18) | 20 (19) | Education attainment | 0.552 |
| ≥65 | 18 (17) | 17 (17) | 18 (16) | 18 (17) | Age | 0.731 | 20 (22) | 20 (18) | 19 (17) | 20 (20) | Age | 0.529 | |
| Total | 18 (18) | 18 (16) | 18 (16) | 18 (17) | Interaction | 0.876 | 20 (22) | 20 (18) | 19 (18) | 20 (19) | Interaction | 0.848 | |
| Milk | <65 | 33 (54) | 36 (54) | 41 (56) | 38 (55) | Education attainment | 0.088 | 62 (76) | 63 (74) | 65 (71) | 64 (73) | Education attainment | 0.175 |
| ≥65 | 45 (63)*b | 61 (66) | 58 (58) | 54 (64) | Age | <0.001 | 56 (67)*b | 73 (71) | 72 (67) | 66 (69) | Age | 0.415 | |
| Total | 42 (61) | 47 (60) | 46 (57) | 45 (59) | Interaction | 0.376 | 57 (69) | 67 (73) | 66 (70) | 64 (71) | Interaction | 0.289 | |
| Alcohol | <65 | 109 (182) | 111 (165) | 96 (161) | 105 (165) | Education attainment | 0.772 | 42 (173) | 34 (91) | 34 (89) | 35 (102) | Education attainment | 0.813 |
| ≥65 | 96 (140) | 76 (123) | 96 (147) | 88 (136) | Age | 0.106 | 15 (53) | 15 (59) | 18 (63) | 16 (57) | Age | <0.001 | |
| Total | 99 (153) | 97 (150) | 96 (156) | 97 (153) | Interaction | 0.270 | 23 (101) | 26 (80) | 32 (86) | 27 (87) | Interaction | 0.753 | |
aMeans (SD) (g/1,000 kcal).
*bMultiple comparisons compared with High school, P < 0.05.
*cMultiple comparisons compared with College and University, P < 0.05.
dMain effect or interaction by ANOVA.