Table 2. Causes of secondary chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.

Metabolic
Mitochondrial cytopathies
Autoimmune
SLE
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis
Autoimmune myositis
Autoimmune ganglionitis
Infectious/Postinfectious
Chagas' disease
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes zoster
Epstein–Barr virus
Kawasaki's disease
Post-viral neuropathy
Endocrine
Diabetes mellitus
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Oncology/Hematology
Chemotherapy and/or bone marrow/stem cell transplant
Pheochromocytoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma (paraneoplastic syndrome)
Sickle cell disease
Muscle disorders
Myotonic dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Toxins
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Drugs
Diltiazem and nifedipine
Cyclopentolate/phenylephrine eye drops (neonates)
Developmental
Delayed maturation of interstitial cells of Cajal
Miscellaneous
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Crohn's disease
Radiation injury

Abbreviation: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Source: Adapted from Connor and Di Lorenzo.