Table 5.
Means and SEMs of participant group scores on symptom self-report questionnaires and cognitive instruments.
| Participant group | DC-N (n = 17) | DC-HP (n = 3) | mTBI-N (n = 27) | mTBI-HP (n = 12) | mTBI main effect | HP Main |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report Questionnaires | ||||||
| CAPS posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Diagnosis | 2/17 11.8% | 1/3 33.3% | 14/27 51.9% | 9/12 75.0% | p < 0.005 | p < 0.05 |
| CAPS Total Score | – | – | 53.3 ± 6.1 | 65.0 ± 9.4 | – | p = 0.291 |
| PTSD CheckList-Military | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 35.0 ± 9.0 | 46.2 ± 3.1 | 54.0 ± 5.7 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.02 |
| Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory | 8.4 ± 2.6 | 11.3 ± 5.7 | 26.9 ± 3.2 | 37.1 ± 6.6 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.02 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 9.7 ± 1.4 | 12.7 ± 2.9 | p < 0.005 | p = 0.076 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 3.5 | 10.4 ± 1.1 | 11.1 ± 1.7 | p < 0.005 | p = 0.308 |
| AUDIT-C | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.369 |
| Cognitive measures | ||||||
| Trail making test trails A | 55.0 ± 2.5 | 69.0 ± 4.0 | 55.6 ± 2.0 | 54.4 ± 3.4 | p = 0.665 | p = 0.700 |
| Trail making test trails B | 52.7 ± 3.2 | 63.0 ± 4.0 | 48.1 ± 2.8 | 47.8 ± 3.3 | p = 0.128 | p = 1.000 |
| Ruff 2 & 7—total speed | 50.1 ± 2.3 | 59.5 ± 1.5 | 50.6 ± 1.7 | 46.5 ± 2.3 | p = 0.462 | p = 0.496 |
| Ruff 2 & 7—total accuracy | 47.1 ± 2.2 | 51.0 ± 4.0 | 45.8 ± 2.1 | 46.3 ± 2.9 | p = 0.742 | p = 0.731 |
Higher scores on symptom self-report questionnaires reflect endorsement of more severe and/or frequent symptoms. Higher scores on the cognitive tests indicate better performance. The fractions in the “CAPS PTSD Diagnosis” row of the table indicate the number of participants with a clinical diagnosis of PTSD in each group divided by the total number of participants in the group. The two columns to the far right indicate the level of significance of the main effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI Main) and hypopituitarism (HP Main) on group scores on each instrument by two-way analysis of variance. One mTBI-N and one mTBI-HP participant scored below the cutoff level on the Test of Memory Malingering, and their scores have been deleted from the statistical computations for cognitive measures. Probability values < 0.02 are printed in red to indicate statistical significance of main effects.
CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV; AUDIT-C, alcohol use disorders identification test-consumption.