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. 2018 Feb 19;9:199. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00199

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Copyright © 2018 Bani, Pérez-De-Luque, Rubiales and Rispail.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Defense responses and pathogen infection observed at root endodermis in resistant pea accessions after inoculation with Fop race 2. (A) Cross-section of the partially resistant Messire at 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) stained with TBO showing cell wall strengthening of the endodermal cell walls (Green arrows) accumulation of phenolic and carbohydrates compounds (Blue arrows) stained in turquoise-green and dark purple respectively in the intercellular spaces of endodermis (En) and pericycle (Pr) surrounding fungal cells (Black arrows) Note the presence of fungus in the intercellular spaces of cortical cells and its accumulation between endodermal and pericycle cell layers. (B) TBO-stained cross-section of the partially resistant JI2480 at 4 dpi showing the strengthening of endodermal cell walls (turquoise green staining indicated by Green arrows) and the accumulation of phenolics (stained turquoise green) and carbohydrates (dark purple) between endodermal cells (Blue arrows). (C) Cross-section of the resistant accession JI1412 at 7 dpi, stained with alcian green:safranin mixture (AGS) showing strengthening of endodermal cell wall (red staining indicated by Green arrows). (D) The same cross-section as (C) observed under epi-fluorescence showing blue and orange fluorescent emissions of endodermal cell wall suggesting their lignification and suberisation respectively (Blue and Red arrowheads). Bar = 25 μm.