Table 3.

Antibiofilm activity of resveratrol against Gram-positive bacteria.

	Bacterial pathogens	Bacteria strains	Source of bacterial strain	Applied concentration	Assay	Observations	References
Gram- positive	Enteropathogenic S. aureus CECT 59	ATCC 9144	–	100 μg/mL	Crystal violet biofilm assay	Inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation by between 20% and 45%. Antagonistic anti-biofilm effect present with combination of resveratrol and genistein or protocateuchic acid	Moran et al., 2014
	S. aureus	ATCC 6538	Isolated from human lesion	100 μg/mL	Crystal violet biofilm assay	No significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation	Lee K. et al., 2014
		ATCC 6538	Isolated from human lesion	20–100 μg/mL	Crystal violet biofilm assay	No significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL	Cho et al., 2015 Qin et al., 2014
	MRSA	COL	Clinical isolate	100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL	Crystal violet biofilm assay	39.85 % inhibition of MRSA biofilm at 100 μg/mL resveratrol. 23.42 % removal of preformed biofilm at 150 μg/mL resveratrol.
					SEM	Thinner biofilm post-treatment with resveratrol
	Listeria monocytogenes	LMG 16779 serovar 1/2a	–	20, 100, 200 μg/mL	Crystal violet biofilm assay	Similar % biofilm inhibition for LMG 16779, LMG 16780 and LOP9 at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL resveratrol. LMG serovar 1/2a LMG 16679 (most commonly found serovar in food processing plant) is the most sensitive and LMG 13305 is the most resistant to biomass inhibition at lowest tested concentration (20 μg/mL).	Ferreira and Domingues, 2016
		LMG 16780 serovar 1/2b	–
		LMG 13305 serovar 4b	–
	Listeria innocua	LOP9	–