Figure 3.

MF59-like and GLA-SE-based sH1N1 vaccine promotes the generation of cytokine-producing T helper cells, GC B cells, and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in young CB6F1 mice. (A) Scheme of slightly modified immunization procedure: CB6F1 mice were immunized i.m. twice, 4 weeks apart and (B) the immunogenicity of splenic cytokine-producing CD4⁺ T cells, (C) the percentage of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cells in inguinal LNs, and (D) the number of B220⁺CD95⁺GL7⁺ GC B cells in spleen and in inguinal LNs were determined 1 week after the boost immunization with adjuvanted or unadjuvanted sH1N1 vaccines as indicated (E) The number of H1-specific BMPCs were determined 4 weeks after a boost immunization. Data from young mice were color-coded as blue; data from aged mice were color-coded as red. * indicates p value < 0.05; ** indicates p value < 0.01. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. GC, germinal center; LN, lymph node; Tfh, follicular T helper cells; BMPC, bone marrow plasma cells. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test except 3E, which used one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s test.