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. 2018 Feb 19;9:295. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00295

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Copyright © 2018 Baldwin, Hsu, Van Hoeven, Gage, Granger, Guderian, Larsen, Lorenzo, Haynes, Reed and Coler.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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BMDCs from aged mice produce lower levels of cytokine upon GLA-SE stimulation and lung homogenates from aged mice have severely impaired cytokine-producing ability. (A) BMDCs and (B) lung homogenates from young and aged CB6F1 mice were stimulated with 10-fold dilutions of GLA-SE (2, 20, 200, 2, and 20 µg/ml) or SE (0.00008, 0.0008, 0.008, 0.08, and 0.8%) overnight, followed by harvesting the supernatants the next day for cytokine analysis. Open triangles indicate the concentration from highest (left) to the lowest (right). 10 ng/ml lipid A 506 was used as positive control. Cells from young mice were color-coded as blue; cells from aged mice were color-coded as red. Results are represented as the mean ± SEM. p-values are denoted as follows: * indicates < 0.05; ** indicates < 0.01; *** indicates < 0.001; **** indicates < 0.0001. BMDC, bone marrow dendritic cells.

BMDCs from aged mice produce lower levels of cytokine upon GLA-SE stimulation and lung homogenates from aged mice have severely impaired cytokine-producing ability. (A) BMDCs and (B) lung homogenates from young and aged CB6F1 mice were stimulated with 10-fold dilutions of GLA-SE (2, 20, 200, 2, and 20 µg/ml) or SE (0.00008, 0.0008, 0.008, 0.08, and 0.8%) overnight, followed by harvesting the supernatants the next day for cytokine analysis. Open triangles indicate the concentration from highest (left) to the lowest (right). 10 ng/ml lipid A 506 was used as positive control. Cells from young mice were color-coded as blue; cells from aged mice were color-coded as red. Results are represented as the mean ± SEM. p-values are denoted as follows: * indicates < 0.05; ** indicates < 0.01; *** indicates < 0.001; **** indicates < 0.0001. BMDC, bone marrow dendritic cells.