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. 2018 Feb 19;9:260. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00260

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Copyright © 2018 Ward, Hemp, Shih, McGlynn and Fischer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cladogram of the Chloroflexi phylum based on RpoB protein sequences, illustrated with the simplest possible evolutionary history of phototrophy that honors the relationships between the reaction center proteins and organismal markers. Non-phototrophic lineages are shown in black, lineages with fused pufLM reaction center genes are highlighted in pink, and lineages with unfused reaction center genes are shown in green. Arrows mark the inferred horizontal gene transfers of phototrophy genes. The most parsimonious scenario for the evolution of phototrophy within the Chloroflexi requires two separate horizontal gene transfer events, and a single gene fusion of pufLM.