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Fitness cost of pHNGDF1-1 and pHNGDF36-1 in E. coli DH5α in vitro. Growth competition between recipient E. coli DH5α and transformants containing pHNGDF1-1 and pHNGDF36-1. Each transformant was cultured in the presence of DH5α but without any antibiotics. The results were calculated and expressed as relative fitness against DH5α. The initial ratio was 1:1.
