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. 2018 Feb 20;11:37. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00037

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Copyright © 2018 Pai, Sharma, Huang, Loganathan, Lin, Hsu, Phasuk and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Delay fear conditioning. Mice were trained with delay fear conditioning paradigm and tested their freezing responses to context and tone (A). Compared with their wild-type and heterozygous littermates, the Atf3^-/- mice acquired delay fear conditioning as well (B) and retrieved contextual delay fear memory normally (WT: n = 10; Atf3^+/-: n = 10; Atf3^-/-: n = 11) (C). However, the Atf3^-/- mice responded to the tone cue with a significantly higher incidence of freezing behavior (WT: n = 9; Atf3^+/-: n = 9 Atf3^-/-: n = 10) (D). a, b, and c indicate significant difference among groups with different letters (P < 0.05).