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. 2018 Feb 20;11:37. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00037

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Copyright © 2018 Pai, Sharma, Huang, Loganathan, Lin, Hsu, Phasuk and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trace fear conditioning. Mice were trained with trace fear conditioning and tested with their freezing responses to context and tone (A). The Atf3^-/- mice acquired trace fear conditioning as well as their wild-type and heterozygous littermates (B), and responded to both contextual (C) (WT: n = 15; Atf3^+/-: n = 10; Atf3^-/-: n = 16) and tone (D) (WT: n = 16; Atf3^+/-: n = 7; Atf3^-/-: n = 17) cues with a significantly higher incidence of freezing behavior (p < 0.05). a, b, and c indicate significant difference among groups with different letters (P < 0.05).