Table 2.
Summary of the key studies exploring endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as a therapeutic target in various diseases.
| Model of Study | Negative regulator of EndMT | Clinical relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis rat model | Relaxin | Cardiac fibrosis | (86) |
| Bleomycin-induced PAH model | Ponatinib (multi-targeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor) | Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) | (87) |
| TGFβ1-induced EndMT | HDL | Non-determined | (65) |
| TGFβ-induced EndMT | Spironolactone (aldosterone receptor antagonist) | Non-determined | (92) |
| Mouse models of pressure overload and chronic allograft rejection | BMP-7 | Cardiac fibrosis | (85) |
| Heterotopic heart transplantation model | BMP-7 | Endocardial fibroelastosis | (99) |
| Pressure-overload mouse model | HGF | Cardiac fibrosis | (100) |
| Rat model of uremia and secondary hyperparathyroidism | Cinacalcet (calcimimetic agent) | Cardiac fibrosis | (101) |
| TGFβ1-induced EndMT | Losartan (angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker) | Non determined | (102) |
| Isoproterenol -induced myocardial fibrosis rat model | Scutellarin | Cardiac fibrosis | (103) |
| Ovine inferior myocardial infarction model | CD45-selective PTPase inhibitor | Myocardial infarction | (104) |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice | Linagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitor) | Diabetic kidney fibrosis | (105) |
| TGFβ and ET-1-induced EndMT | Macitentan (ET-1 receptor antagonist) | Systemic sclerosis | (106) |
| MCT-induced PAH model | Salvianolic acid A | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | (108) |
| Hypoxia, MCT-induced PAH model | Delivery of BMPR2 | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | (109) |
| STZ-induced diabetic rats | Lovastatin | Diabetic nephropathy | (58) |
| db/db diabetic mice | Fasudil (ROCK1 inhibitor) | Diabetic nephropathy | (59) |
| STZ-induced SHR diabetic rats | Irbesartan (angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | (61) |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice | GLP-1 analog | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | (55) |
| STZ-induced diabetic rats | CCG-1423 (SRF inhibitor) | Diabetic nephropathy | (57) |
| STZ-induced diabetic ET-1f/f; Tie2-Cre(+) mice | ET-1 silencing | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | (62) |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice | Low-dose irisin | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | (63) |
| TGFβ1-induced EndMT | HDL | Non determined | (65) |
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial cadherin; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; vWF, von Willebrand factor; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; SM22α, smooth muscle protein 22-α; FSP-1, fibroblast-specific protein 1; LEC, lymphatic endothelial cell; PAVEC, porcine aortic valve endothelial cell; eQEE, embryonic quail endocardial explant; HDMEC, human epithelioid dermal microvascular endothelial cell; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; CEC, corneal endothelial cell; HIMEC, human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell; HEMEC, human esophageal microvascular endothelial cell; PAEC, pulmonary artery endothelial cell; ZEB1, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; BMP-4, bone morphogenetic protein 4; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. STZ, streptozotocin; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats; HDL, High-Density Lipoproteins; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; MCT, monocrotaline.