Table 2.
Summary of findings.
| Author | Sample size (N) | Agea | Study design | Sample characteristics | Intervention | Assessment site | Assessment method | Postintervention/IMF proportion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larson-Meyer et al. (10) | M = 20, F = 26 (N = 46) | 25–50 | Randomized controlled trial | Healthy, sedentary overweight men and women | 1. Control (C) | Soleus muscle | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | No difference 25% calorie restriction and C/no difference between low calorie and C |
| 2. 25% calorie restriction of baseline energy requirements | ||||||||
| 3. Low-calorie diet until 15% reduction in weight | ||||||||
| Johnson et al. (20, 39) | M = 7 (N = 7) | 30 (6) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, physically fit males | 1. Control: mixed carbohydrate diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | HF > C, S > C/no difference HF and S |
| 2. Water-only starvation (S) | ||||||||
| 3. Low-carbohydrate/high-fat intake (HF) | ||||||||
| Green et al. (19) | M = 66 (N = 6) | 38.8 (12.7) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, physically fit men | 1. Control: mixed diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | S > C, S > HP/no difference HP and C |
| 2. Water-only starvation (S) | ||||||||
| 3. Low-carbohydrate/high-protein intake (HP) | ||||||||
| Johnson et al. (20, 39) | M = 6 (N = 6) | 32 (2.2) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, physically fit males | 1. Control: high-carbohydrate diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | HF > C |
| 2. Low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| St-Onge et al.. (33) | (N = 24) | 44 (2.5) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy men and women with mildly elevated LDL | 1. Control: low-fat diet (C) | Soleus | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | HF > C |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| Kiens et al. (9) | M = 19 (N = 19) | 36 (30–40) | Controlled trial | Healthy, physically active males | 1. Control diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | Biopsy and chemical extraction | HF > C/no difference HC and C |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| 3. High-carbohydrate diet (HC) | ||||||||
| Sakurai et al. (35) | M = 37 (N = 37) | 23.6 (0.5) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, non-obese male volunteers | 1. Control: normal fat diet (C) | Soleus and tibialis anterior | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | i. HF > C, ii. HF > C |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) i = soleus; ii = tibialis anterior | ||||||||
| Schrauwen-Hinderling (36) | M = 10 (N = 10) | 25 (6.2) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, young male subjects | 1. Control: normal fat diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | H1 magnetic resonance imaging | No difference |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| Skovbro et al. (37) | M = 21 (N = 21) | 23.7 (2.74) | Randomized controlled trial | Healthy, untrained male subjects | 1. Control: normal fat diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | Biopsy and spectrophotometry | No differences |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| Sock et al. (40) | M = 11 (N = 11) | 25 (0.6) | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, non-smoking males | 1. Control diet (C) | Not specified | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | HGlu > C/no difference HFru and C |
| 2. High-glucose diet (HGlu) | ||||||||
| 3. High-fructose diet (HFlu) | ||||||||
| Larson-Meyer et al. (34) | (N = 18) | 18–45 | Randomized crossover design | Healthy, endurance trained runners | 1. Control: moderate fat diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | Biopsy and transmission electron microscopy | HC < C |
| 2. High-carbohydrate diet (HC) | ||||||||
| van Herpen et al. (38) | (N = 20) | 55.2 (7.6) | Randomized controlled trial | Healthy, sedentary men | 1. Control: low-fat diet (C) | Vastus lateralis | Biopsy and Oil Red stain | No difference between change C change vs. HF change |
| 2. High-fat diet (HF) | ||||||||
| Maersk et al. (11) | M = 17, F = 30 (N = 47) | 20–50 | Randomized controlled trial | Healthy, overweight, non-diabetic subjects | 1. Control: water (C) | Tibialis anterior | H1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Sucrose/fructose difference > control/no difference milk and control |
| 2. 1 L of sucrose and fructose | ||||||||
| 3. Semi-skim milk | ||||||||
aAge is reported in mean (SD), mean, or range based on reporting in article.