Table 3.
Subgroup and sensitivity analysis.
| Analysis | SMD (95% CI) | Significance P* |
|---|---|---|
| Primary analysis | 1.24 (0.43, 2.05) | 0.003 |
| Sensitivity analysis: excluding studies with a quality value <20, smallest sample size <8, and those that do not specify participant characteristics | 1.26 (0.23, 2.28) | 0.02 |
| Subgroup analyses | ||
| Percent males | ||
| Male only studies | 1.4 (0.55, 2.25) | 0.05 |
| Mixed studies (21% M, 79% F) | 0.38 (−0.20, 0.96) | |
| Trial type | ||
| Controlled trial | 0.58 (−0.30, 1.46) | 0.23 |
| Controlled crossover trial | 1.35 (0.44, 2.25) | |
| Measurement modality | ||
| H1MRS | 1.55 (0.57, 2.54) | 0.06 |
| Biopsy | 0.44 (−0.18, 1.05) | |
| Muscle | ||
| Vastus lateralis | 0.70 (0.17, 1.22) | Reference group |
| Soleus | 1.35 (−0.55, 3.26) | 0.52 |
| Tibialis anterior | 2.58 (1.96, 3.20) | <0.001* |
| Physical activity | ||
| Active | 1.09 (−0.09, 2.27) | 0.26 |
| Inactive | 0.36 (−0.12, 0.84) | |
Subgroup analyses (Der Simonian and Laird) random-effects model.
CI, confidence interval; SMD, standardized mean difference.
*Significance defined as P < 0.05.