Table 1.

Gut microbiota influences cell signaling pathways in diseases.

Disease	Signal molecular derived from gut microbiota	Cell signaling pathways	Reference
Colorectal cancer	Butyrate	NF-κB MAPK Wnt/β-catenin	Stempelj et al., 2007; Scott et al., 2008; O’Keefe et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010; Fung et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2013; Zeng et al., 2014
	LPS	T cell receptor signaling ERK1/2	Zhu et al., 2011
	Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)	TLR2 signaling	Yang et al., 2013
CNS	GABA	Synaptic signaling	Barrett et al., 2012; Foster and McVey Neufeld, 2013; Kennedy et al., 2017
	SCFAs	Dopamine signaling in Parkinson’s disease	Sampson et al., 2016
	Amyloids and LPS	Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation in Alzheimer’s disease	Köhler et al., 2016
	Dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), neuropeptide, substance and vasoactive intestinal peptide	T cell receptor signaling	Powell et al., 2017
Liver disease	LPS	LPS-TLR4 signaling	Xue et al., 2017
	ND	FXR signaling Bile secretion pathway	Sayin et al., 2013
	Butyrate	PI3K/Akt signaling Mitochondrial control of apoptosis	Pant et al., 2017
Lung disease	LPS SCFA	T cell receptor signaling	Trompette et al., 2014; Thorburn et al., 2015; Budden et al., 2017; Gray J. et al., 2017; Tamburini and Clemente, 2017
	Polysaccharide A
Vascular dysfunction	LPC18:1	AKT	Li et al., 2017
	SCFAs	MCP-1/CCR-2 signaling IL-17 signaling	Karbach et al., 2016
Osteoporosis		PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Bakker et al., 2016
	SCFAs	T cell receptor signaling	Ohlsson and Sjogren, 2015

ND, no data available.