Table 3.

Meta-analysis of main associations between SSB intake and glycaemic traits stratified by sex in all participating cohorts

Model	Fasting glucose (mmol/l)				Fasting insulin (loge pmol/l)
	na	β (SE)	p	I2 (%)	na	β (SE)	p	I2 (%)
Men
Discovery cohorts
Model 1	6919	0.001 (0.011)	0.89	0	6636	0.028 (0.012)	0.02	27
Model 2	6638	−0.0004 (0.011)	0.97	0	6356	0.026 (0.012)	0.03	4
Model 3	6613	0.003 (0.011)	0.78	0	6331	0.033 (0.010)	1.4×10−3	0
Model 4	6554	−0.001 (0.011)	0.91	0	6276	0.032 (0.008)	0.03	0
Replication cohorts
Model 1	8942	0.005 (0.007)	0.41	0	8484	0.054 (0.008)	<1.0×10−10	66
Model 2	8454	0.009 (0.007)	0.19	0	8397	0.047 (0.008)	7.7×10−9	70
Model 3	8447	0.004 (0.006)	0.52	0	8392	0.033 (0.007)	5.6×10−6	67
Model 4	8446	0.002 (0.007)	0.74	0	8391	0.030 (0.018)	4.6×10−5	77
All cohorts
Model 1	15,861	0.004 (0.006)	0.44	0	15,120	0.045 (0.007)	<1.0×10−10	52
Model 2	15,092	0.006 (0.006)	0.28	0	14,753	0.041 (0.007)	2.0×10−9	48
Model 3	15,060	0.004 (0.006)	0.48	0	14,723	0.033 (0.006)	2.9×10−8	35
Model 4	15,000	0.001 (0.006)	0.82	0	14,667	0.029 (0.006)	4.5×10−6	48
Women
Discovery cohorts
Model 1	9181	0.032 (0.014)	0.02	70	8811	0.061 (0.014)	2.0×10−5	43
Model 2	8822	0.020 (0.014)	0.15	70	8457	0.043 (0.015)	3.4×10−3	53
Model 3	8774	0.028 (0.013)	0.03	55	8408	0.051 (0.013)	5.6×10−5	0
Model 4	8694	0.032 (0.014)	0.02	59	8336	0.041 (0.013)	1.6×10−3	0
Replication cohorts
Model 1	10,177	0.032 (0.007)	1.0×10−6	0	10,781	0.059 (0.009)	1.9×10−11	0
Model 2	10,073	0.027 (0.007)	1.2×10−4	0	10,678	0.042 (0.009)	2.3×10−6	0
Model 3	10,061	0.021 (0.007)	1.7×10−3	0	10,667	0.037 (0.008)	1.8×10−6	14
Model 4	10,059	0.024 (0.007)	9.1×10−4	0	10,665	0.027 (0.009)	2.1×10−3	5
All cohorts
Model 1	19,358	0.032 (0.006)	6.1×10−8	49	19,592	0.059 (0.007)	1.9×10−15	6
Model 2	18,895	0.026 (0.006)	4.2×10−5	49	19,135	0.042 (0.008)	2.7×10−8	20
Model 3	18,835	0.022 (0.006)	1.6×10−4	31	19,075	0.041 (0.007)	6.0×10−10	0
Model 4	18,753	0.026 (0.006)	5.5×10−5	39	19,001	0.031 (0.007)	1.7×10−5	0

Regression coefficients are shown as β (SE). β represents the change in outcome per additional serving/day of SSB

Model 1: adjusted for age, total energy intake and study site for multi-centred cohorts (in CHS, MESA, YFS)

Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 covariates and smoking status, education status, physical activity (except in RS1, RS2) and alcohol intake

Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 covariates and BMI

Model 4: adjusted for Model 3 covariates and fruit intake, vegetable intake, whole grains intake, fish intake and saturated fatty acids (% total energy)

^aNumber of independent observations in each association analysis