Table 1.
Demographic, speech fluency, speech-language, attitudes toward talking and temperament characteristics of the persisting, recovered and non-stuttering group at the initial visit. (T1)
| Variable | Persisting (n=9) | Recovered (n=23) | Non-Stuttering (n=17) | F (df) | Wald χ2 (df) | p | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronological age (mos.) | 45.11 (6.23) | 47.109 (6.84) | 53.06 (9.27) | 4.142 (2,46) | 0.022 | 0.153 | |
| Gender | 1 female | 6 females | 6 females | 1.77 (2) | 0.413 | 0.235 | |
| Speech Fluency Measures | |||||||
| Stuttering Frequency (%) | 6.51 (4.52) | 6.25 (4.37) | 1.31 (.82) | 10.79 (2,46) | 0.0001 | 0.319 | |
| SSI-3 Total Score | 16.56 (7.65) | 15.3 (4.43) | 6.71 (2.08) | 21.32 (2,46) | 0.0001 | 0.481 | |
| Time since onset (mos.) | 11.38 (7.62) | 9.46 (5.66) | – | .399 (1, 17) | 0.536 | 0.023 | |
| Speech and Language Testing | |||||||
| GFTA-2 | 109.44 (8.05) | 111.87 (7.38) | 108.76 (8.55) | .823 (2,46) | 0.445 | 0.035 | |
| PPVT-4 | 120.67 (16.12) | 116.35 (12.1) | 120.53 (12.55) | .643 (2,46) | 0.531 | 0.027 | |
| EVT-2 | 121.56 (12.11) | 118 (11.25) | 120.35 (10.7) | .392 (2,46) | 0.678 | 0.017 | |
| TELD-3 Receptive | 116.67 (14.46) | 122.86 (15.35) | 115.59 (14.4) | 1.27 (2,44) | 0.292 | 0.054 | |
| TEL-3 Expressive | 109.67 (12.47) | 116.67 (16.79) | 106.29 (11.98) | 2.51 (2,44) | 0.092 | 0.103 | |
| Attitudes toward Talking (KiddyCAT) and Temperament (CBQ) | |||||||
| KiddyCAT | 3.89 (2.76) | 2.95 (2.15) | 2.94 (2.25) | .609 (2,46) | 0.548 | 0.026 | |
| CBQ Negative Affectivity | 3.82 (.37) | 3.96 (.43) | 3.69 (.51) | 1.675 (2,44) | 0.199 | 0.071 | |
| CBQ Surgency | 4.75 (.704) | 4.83 (.86) | 4.87 (.704) | 0.067 (2,44) | 0.935 | 0.003 | |
| CBQ Effortful Control | 4.50 (.76) | 4.66 (.46) | 4.93 (.61) | 1.98 (2,44) | 0.151 | 0.082 | |
Note. SSI-3 – Stuttering Severity Instrument – Third Edition; GFTA-2= Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation-Second Edition; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Fourth Edition; EVT-2 = Expressive Vocabulary Test – Second Edition; TELD-3= Test of Early Language Development–Third Edition; KiddyCAT= Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter; CBQ= Children’s Behavior Questionnare. Effect size for gender is measured using Cohen’s d; all other effect sizes are measured using partial eta squared (ηp2). There were missing data for two recovered participants for the following variables: TELD-3 Receptive and Expressive Time since onset data at initial visit was not availabe for 2 children in persisting group and 11 children in recovered group. CBQ data were not available for 1 child in the recovered group and 1 child in the non-stuttering group.