Table 1.
| Species | Age | Sex | PD patients/MPTP dose | MPTP regimen | Parkinsonian clinical symptom | Pathology observation (Nigral dopamine cell/striatal DA levels loss in %) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midbrain dopaminergic neurons | ||||||||
| Human | 62–83 | M,F | PD | – | Fully Parkinsonian | VM – 71 VL - 91 PL – 61 DM – 47 DL - 57 |
(Fearnley and Lees 1991) | |
| Human | 72 ± 4 | – | PD | – | Fully Parkinsonian | SNC v nigrosomes – 95 SNC v matrix - 80 SNC d - 57 |
(Damier et al. 1999b; Damier et al. 1999d) |
|
| Callithrix jacchus | – | F | 1–4 mg/kg/day for 5 days,i.p | Acute high dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian | SNC 82 VTA 59 |
(Waters et al. 1987) | |
| Papio papio | 0.2–0.5 mg/kg i.v once a week until a full parkinsonian | Chronic low dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian | VM - 73.8 VL - 90.9 PL - 89.5 DM – 46 DL - 56.6 VTA - 53 |
(Varastet et al. 1994) | |||
| Cercopithec us aethiops | 4 – 6 | M | 0.4 – 0.6 mg/kg i.m Progressive intoxication: (injections spaced 4 to 5 days) | Chronic low/high dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | SNC - 71 RRF - 35 VTA - 34 |
(Mounayar et al. 2007) | |
| Macaca mulatta | 8–9 Young 15–17 Middle 21–31 Old |
F | 2.3–3.00 mg, unilateral intracarotid administration | Single dose | Hemiparkinsonia monkey | SNC - 81.8 SNC - 82.8 SNC-81.0 |
(Collier et al. 2007) | |
| Macaca mulatta | 3–6 | F | 0.2–0.5 mg/kg i.m once a week until a full parkinsonian | Chronic low dose treatment | Moderate Parkinsonian monkeys Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
SNC v - 64 SNC d - 53 VTA – 42 SNC v - 85 SNC d - 73 VTA – 60 |
(Masilamoni et al. 2011b) | |
| Macaca fascicularis | 4–5 | M | 0.5 mg/kg i.v once in 2 weeks | Chronic low dose treatment | Moderate Parkinsonian monkeys Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
SNC - 74 RRF - 40 VTA – 34 SNC - 84 RRF - 45 VTA - 33 |
(Blesa et al. 2012) | |
| Nigrostriatal Dopamine Innervation | ||||||||
| Human | - | - | Fully Parkinsonian | Pre-commissural CA-90 Commissural CA - 82 Post-commissural CA- 70 Pre-commissural PU-93 Commissural PU – 97 Post-commissural PU-98 |
(Kish et al. 1988) | |||
| Human | – | – | Fully Parkinsonian | CA-84 PU-98 |
(Pifl et al. 1988b) | |||
| Human | – | – | Fully Parkinsonian | CA-80 PU-98 |
(Kish et al. 2008) | |||
| Macaca mulatta | 10–17 | 0.15 mg/kg for the first 3 days and consecutively 0.24 – 0.4 mg/kg per day until severe Parkinson-like symptoms | Acute low dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | CA-99 PU-99 |
(Pifl et al. 1988b) | ||
| Cercopithec us- aethiops subueus | 0.4mg/kg for 5 days | Acute low dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | CA 98 PU 96 |
(Elsworth et al. 1989) | |||
| Callithrix jaccus | 1–2Y | M,F | 1.25–2.5 mg/kg s.c. was given twice a week up to development of symptom | Chronic high dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | CA 95 PU 95 |
(Perez-Otano et al. 1991) | |
| Macaca fascicularis | daily injections (0.25–0.50 mg/kg) | Acute low dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | PU 97 CA 98 |
(Alexander et al. 1992) | |||
| Macaca fascicularis | – | 3 consecutive i.v injection at 0.7mg/day | Acute high dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | CA 94 PU 93 | (Hantraye et al. 1992) | ||
| Pupio pupio | 0.4–0.6 mg/kg i.v once a week until a full parkinsonian | Chronic low dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian monkeys | CA 70 PU 90 |
(Hantraye et al. 1993) | |||
| Saimiri sciureus | – | M,F | single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg MPTP received multiple subcutaneous injections |
Single dose Acute intoxication |
no behavioral signs of parkinsonism Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
CA 63 PU 70 CA 95 PU 99 |
(Di Monte et al. 2000) | |
| Cercopithec us- aethiops sabaeus | – | 0.4mg/kg for 5 days | Acute low dose treatment | Asymptomatic Mild Moderate Severe |
CA 70; PU 58 CA 90; PU 68 CA 94; PU 92 CA99; PU 99 |
(Elsworth et al. 2000) | ||
| Caca fascicularis | 3.1 ± 0.3 | F | 0.2 mg/kg, i.v. daily after 6 injections; D6 after 15 injections; D15 after 15 injections; D25 | Acute low dose treatment | Pre-symptomatic Appearance of symp. Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
Loss of dopamine CA 50; PU 40 PU 85%; CA 90 CA 95; PU 95% |
(Bezard et al. 2001) | |
| Mucucu fusciculuris | – | M | Intracarotid injections Single dose of 1.25 mg Single dose of 2.5 mg |
Acute low dose treatment | hemiparkinsonism | ipsilateral DA loss CA 99.4; PU, 99.8; AC 74.2 CA 99.3; PU 99.5; AC 90.1 |
(Guttman et al. 1990) | |
| Macaca fascicularis | 2–4 | 5–15 injections of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg spaced one week apart | Chronic high dose treatment | Fully Parkinsonian | Pre-commissural CA-98 Commissural CA - 94 Post-commissural CA- 90 Pre-commissural PU-98 Commissural PU – 99 Post-commissural PU-99 |
(Perez-Otano et al. 1994a) | ||
| Macaca mulatta | 3–6 | F | 0.2–0.5 mg/kg i.m once a week until full parkinsonian | Chronic low dose treatment | Moderate Parkinsonian monkeys Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
CA - 63 PU - 80 CA - 80 PU - 90 |
(Masilamoni et al. 2011b) | |
| Macaca fascicularis | 4–5 | M | 0.5 mg/kg i.v once in 2 weeks | Chronic low dose treatment | Moderate Parkinsonian monkeys Fully Parkinsonian monkeys |
CA - 78 PU - 79 CA - 84 PU - 83 |
(Blesa et al. 2012) | |
VM – Ventral medial, VL - Ventral lateral, PL – Pars lateralis, DM – Dorsal medial part, DL - lateral part, CA- Caudate, PU- Putamen, SNC - Substantial nigra, SNC v- ventral, SNC-d-dorsal, VTA – Ventral tegmental area, RRF – Retrorubral area