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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018 Feb 1;44(4):831–839. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.011

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cell viability in the presence of MBs decreases when increasing DC in an in vitro setup. (A) US transducer was immersed in a sterile specimen container containing culture medium and US was applied to cell suspension in a PCR tube containing MBs (10% (v/v) Optison) with approximately 1 cm in distance. Acoustic absorber (Precision Acoustics, UK) was placed at the bottom at all times. (B) Duty cycle (DC)-modulated US exposure to cells/MBs suspension resulted in controlled cytotoxicity; cell viability was gradually decreased with increasing DC. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3–9) Asterisk (*) represents statistical significance compared with control (0% DC) (****p<0.0001).